Performing and Visual Arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Performing and Visual Arts - Essay ExampleThere are different kinds of music such as the profuse music, dark in fact, the form of the music is determined by the musician in terms of the sounds. On the other hand, during the Baroque period there was a culmination of the masterworks from composers like J.S Bach and G.F Handel. There was a development of new styles of music during the mid-eighteenth century, which was facilitated by Bach and Handel. Some of the developed musical styles were like the rococo and pre-classical styles. During the Classic to Romantic, there was a discernment of these musical styles by composers such as Beethoven with symphonies, pianos and string quarters (Zuhur, 1988).As a creator of optical and implementation art, one uses numerous elements to depict their thoughts through music or painting. For example, there are two-dimensional objects established in painting or cubic objects, where the artist employs different elements. Moreover, from one point to th e other is delineated by the elements in painting through the primary elements (Buck & Schoenberg, 2008). On the other hand, as a performer, one has a role of presenting their acts to the audience, and this can be scripted or unscripted, or it is random or orchestrated. It can also be planned or spontaneous and in some cases, the audiences are present or absent. Finally, the experience of an audience relates to the welcoming the performers, and there are instances where get involved actively in the performance and sometimes they are not witty.The value ofvisual and performing art relates to the knowledge and meaning that is offered which cannot be gathered from other sources and subjects. Moreover, the visual and performance art applies a perspective, which is based on judgment, invention, imagination (Reed, 2009). In fact, the integration of visual and performing art in education offers a chance for picture the set

For developing countries what are the advantages and disadvantages of Assignment

For evolution countries what ar the advantages and disadvantages of participating in the global garment manufacturing - Assignment Examplecreasing development in this industry is due to the accessibility of a cheap work force, ready market and easy transportation due to its negligible weight (TAYLOR, 2009).Developing countries have maximized their raw materials and there has been hammy increase in the production which now accounts for slightly 70% of the world export on clothing. However, the garment industry is not left far quarter as it accounts for virtually 3.2% of the worlds manufacturing export (TAYLOR, 2009). Developing countries involvement in the global trade, especially in the garment industry has both demonstrable and negative impacts.On the positive impacts is the fact that this industry has increased the level of employment reducing unemployment in developing countries, which has been one of the major epidemics. For example, in Bangladesh, about 1.5 million work ers are absorbed in these industries which are about 65% of the total workforce (Hoque, 2005). In Morocco, about 40% of the total human resources are also absorbed into this industry. Second advantage is the increased level of foreign exchange or export earnings. These increased earnings are very brisk in any developing countries since it is a source of revenue through which the government injects into development projects so as to improve the living standards of its citizens (TAYLOR, 2009). In Bangladesh, this industry contributes to about 75% of the countrys total export earnings. In Mauritius, it is about 64%, while in Sri Lanka it is about 50%, and in Tunisia it is about 40%. Next is that it has some considerable total added value of merchandise exports. This is evident in countries such as Bangladesh which is about 55%, Turkey universe 28%, while in Morocco and Pakistan it is 20% (TAYLOR, 2009).On the other hand, linearization of trade has disadvantages in all industrial sect ors, garment industry being inclusive. First is that these developing countries have removed all the trade barriers which may later lead to

Comprehensive Australian Programme of Law Reform Essay

Comprehensive Australian Programme of Law Reform - Essay ExampleThis move has been geared towards ensuring that the scope of potence liability is narrowed, for example through the limiting of personal liability borne by medical practitioners who give assistance to those people at a higher put on the line of injury or who need emergency medical help and reducing the damages that may be awarded in such cases so as to go for the exposure of underwriters so that they could be able to give better and more affordable cover to those who need it. One important element to point bring out at this stage is the fact that most of these reforms actually did contrast with the recommendations put forward by the IPP Committee Report, which was in favour of national and uniform rectitude response to the jurisdiction crisis on cases of liability, neglectfulness and award of damages (Ellison, 2005). Indeed various governments that have come up since 2002 have tried to enact and utensil justice re forms that addressed liability, negligence, and damages. ... 2.0 The law reforms 2.1 Establishing liability The liability laws take into consideration the common law and statutes of federal and states governments. In these provisions, a person who is injured or has suffered a loss or otherwise incurred damage may institute an follow up aimed at compensation on the basis of the tort of common law of negligence that is based on fault breach of contract and breach of the provisions stipulated in the Australian Consumer Law that was effected in 2011 that replaced provisions of the federal official Trade Practices Act 1974 relating to product liability and safety of produce. In establishing the liability of a person in tort, the issue of foreseeability comes into play. A person has a vocation of care to another person as per the law of tort. The defendant had a case to answer if he was in a position to see in advance reasonably, that the injured person would suffer loss or was at risk of doing so but the defendant failed to take necessary preventive action (Australian Government Treasury 2002 2004 Harlow, 2005). This component of contributory negligence is comprised of two components namely the foreseeability of risk relating to harm and a calculation of the level of negligence also called the negligence calculus. Based on the above provisions, a person is free from liability for failing to take precautions if the risk in question is unforeseeable and brush aside be established as being so. To know whether a risk is foreseeable or not, it is provided that such a risk should not be so probable to an extent that any reasonable person or someone in his or her common senses would ignore it (Trowbridge & Deloitte, 2002). Having already established the aspect of

Internet Gambling Essay Example for Free

cyberspace Gambling EssayThe technoculture related topic that I am going to look for is the phenomenon of Internet romp. With the emergence and explosion of drama on television such as the World Series of Poker of ESPN or The World Poker electrical circuit on the Travel Channel, online frolic has quickly become a major player in the technoculture of contemporary society. I feel it is important to explore this unloosen beca intent of Ameri domiciliate societys fascination and obsession with gambling. Gambling can and has become a very serious and damaging activity to m whatsoever muckle in this country. fit to CNN. com, studies have sh let that people who gamble on the Internet tend to have more serious addictions than people who wager by dint of more traditional venues. by my research, I hope to further explore why Internet gambling has the potential to be more dangerous than traditional casinos and how younger generations of Americans and the government atomic numb er 18 responding to this ever-gro gaing phenomenon. Literature Review The research I discovered on Internet gambling is fairly recent and comprehensive.Since online gaming is a reasonably new trend, the corporeal written on the matter was rather current. Furthermore, thither was a substantial amount of learning within these three sources. It was evident that the three authors conducted high-quality research, and it showed with the use of graphs, charts, and cutting studies. Also, the three sources had a very similar outlook on the present and future situation of online gaming. With that being said, establishn that online gaming is at the peak of its existence, it is tyrannical that further exploration and examination within the subject be carried out.Because of the instant access one has to a gambling venue and the privacy factor of the Internet, online gaming has become a risky undertaking for many. concord to David Schwartz (2003), Internet gambling presents new problems for individuals and society (p. 214). Instead of driving to an actual physical casino, problem gamblers can enjoy betting in the comforts of their own home. At home, they are non monitored by another(prenominal) gamblers and/or casino personnel which results in the efficiency to set their own limit.The Internet also allows the gambler to maintain a level of privacy not show in real casinos. If there are no friends or family around to supervise, then the gambler can engage in irresponsible betting without any time constraints. Finally, unlike real casinos, Internet casinos are readily available at the click of a button. If an online gaming organization will not accept ones money, one can bet that there are thousands of others that will be happy to take ones funds. The demographics of gambling are interesting to investigate within the subject.According to Rachel Volberg (2001), adults ages 18 to 29 are easily more likely than older adults to have gambled privately (p. 34). Young ad ults are also more likely to gamble for excitement compared to older adults (Volberg, 2001). This is not a difficult c at a timept to grasp. Normally, young adults have a less appreciative concept of money because they do not have as great of a responsibility as older people in regards to providing for family, cook uping bills, and spending money on expenses that are traditionally not familiar to a younger person.Furthermore, young people are usually unsupervised, especially in the collegiate demographic. Without the approval from mommy and daddy, young adults all across America are enjoying the monetary freedom to do whatever they want with the money they have. In addition, according to Thomas Barker and Marjie Britz (2000), many college students have deep pockets ? Mom and Dads (p. 139). With this new found autonomy and fiscal assistance from parents, college kids are engaging in online gaming for fun and excitement.However, if left untreated and unsupervised, the fun and excite ment can soon procedure into a dangerous addiction with serious consequences and ramifications. With the possibility of Internet gambling becoming a serious problem, the government has been asked to step in and legislate the situation. According to Volberg (2001), The fact that Internet gambling is conducted in a networked, data-intensive environment offers opportunities for regulation and oversight in several critical areas, including licensure, testing for game integrity and point security, auditing and oversight, taxation, and consumer protection (p 97).Basically, Volberg is supporting a regulatory system that will be able to monitor the activities not only of the individual gambler, but of the gambling website as well. If the government actually does get complex, certain problems can be remedied. For example, every transaction made by a player can be near followed and tracked. If a player indicates behaviors that suggest irresponsible decision-making, the player can be flagg ed and possibly suspended from a gambling website. However, all in all, Internet gambling will most likely always have its problems.Just like alcohols are with minors, people will get their hands on something they probably should not be touching. Internet gambling is an intensifying activity in American culture. With all the limitless possibility and endless potential of the Internet, online gaming will proceed to be a major player in the valet of technoculture and the information society. Nevertheless, what is important within this public sphere is to be able to responsibly hole with the world of Internet casinos. We need to come to a positive middle ground between the two sides of the spectrum the fun and excitement of gambling and the spiraling addiction. occurrent Trends Like anything in life, when you create stimulus you are going to yield a response. In regards to online gaming, the stimulus that was created was the buzz generated by the constant bombardment of gambling pro grams on television. ESPN annually televises The World Series of Poker during the summer in which thousands of people descend upon Las Vegas to gamble in all types of events including poker, blackjack, craps, etc Many times they secern the story of some average Joe who enters a tournament and eventually ends up winning thousands of dollars.This false ace of hope has grabbed millions of Americans into thinking that they too, have the ability to win a substantial amount of money. The response to this stimulus has been the emergence of online casinos. However, instead of people winning money, crime has actually been the fallout of this risky behavior. According to ABCnews. com (2006), a Lehigh University student by the name of Greg Hogan Jr. attempted to rob a local bank in order to pay off his gambling debts. He was eventually caught and pleaded guilty to the offense and now faces up to three years in jail.During his interview with Good Morning America, Mr. Hogan blamed his addictio n to online gambling websites for his setback, and cautioned the American public to the dangerous power of Internet gaming. In addition to his story, according to ABCnews. com (2006), 2. 9 million Americans between the ages of fourteen and twenty dollar bill dollar bill-two gamble with cards online at least once a week, and fifty percent of male college students and twenty-six percent of female college students gamble on cards at least once a month. To combat this growing epidemic, the House of Representatives took a proactive stance on the matter by passing legislation that would make it illegal to use acknowledgment cards on gambling websites and make it significantly more difficult to access these sites. Whether it gets passed by the Senate and the Executive Branch is another matter, however, at least the government is recognizing the problem sooner rather than later. In conjunction with this supposition of crime, many Internet scammers have found opportunity within this growin g trend. An hold on ABCnews.com (2006) describes an elaborate scheme where bookies took sports bets through an Internet gambling site. The insecurity of the website allowed these thieves to launder millions of dollars and corrupt the free enterprise system of the Internet gaming business. Fortunately, these criminals were caught. Nevertheless, it makes you respect how frequent this sort of thing exists in the online world. Some have argued, nonetheless, that Internet gambling has its benefits. According to Tom W. Bell (1998), the inclusion of the Internet has fostered competition to a business that has long enjoyed the sanctuary of restraining licensing practices.Rather than having to fly out to isolated casinos in Vegas or Atlantic City, you can enjoy the experience of gambling in the comforts of your own home. Bell (1998) also supports the belief that gambling in your home allows an individual to escape the traps found in real, physical casinos. A person does not have to be surr ounded in a windowless structure while being harassed by cocktail waitresses carrying a tray of free booze. Because of online gaming, the business world has more free enterprise and has given the individual a sense of security not found in traditional locales.In terms of my own personal experience, I actually signed up to one of these gambling websites to investigate how they attract and seize the public. The website was www. gambling. com and in order to register, all I had to give them was a current e-mail address. I found it sort of comforting to know that they pledged that they would not pass any of my information on to any other company and/or website because I did not want my stagweb to become flooded with junkmail from these websites. Immediately after becoming a member, I was granted cd Ludos.I had no clue as to what Ludos were, but after some probing, I discovered that they were basically a form of Internet currency. For every twenty five Ludos, I received a dollar. That e quals sixteen dollars. But, heres the catch. For me to actually receive the Ludos and use them to gamble, I would have to give them my credit card information and pay a montly fee which was actually just close as expensive as the Ludos themselves. Brilliant. Moreover, the website contained links in which I could learn how to play games by read tutorials, and then, actually play those games.I conducted a little experiment of my own to see how many times I won during one of the games. Out of xxv spins on one of the slot machines, I ended up winning sixteen times. That is a sixty-four percent average of winning. Now, anyone who understands anything about gambling knows that the downright best percentage of winning is fifty percent. However, most of the games are not even close to that percentage. My suspicion leads me to believe that these websites give a false sense of hope to their members.If they succeed in tempting people to try these games, and these games yield a winning perc entage better than fifty percent, more often than not, individual is going to believe that they actually have a great chance of making money. It actually is a genius scheme to lure in the public. begin them believe. Once they have accomplished that, these websites have them right where they want them. Conclusions The effects of online gaming are now becoming more clear and transparent to technoculture and the information society. It is apparent that online gaming has become a microcosm of the digital divide that exists within society.According to one of our readings during the semester written by Oscar H. Gandy, Jr. (2002), the differences that make up the digital divide are more than just social constructions. The actual construction is molded due to the new systems of communication that have surfaced within the last twenty years. In relation to online gaming, Internet gaming websites are now competing to display the flashiest, most hypertextual sites in order to attract customer s. Due to this competition, better bandwidth and enhanced software package will result, thus highlighting the digital divide.Data mining and this notion of surveillance has also entered the conversation regarding online gaming. Because an individual has to present private information about ones self on a website to facilitate gambling, the possibility of gambling website selling personal information in return for financial gain is a clear possibility. As aforementioned, the site I visited before pledged that they did not engage in data mining. Yet, this seems to suggest that other sites do exercise this right which efficaciously gives companies useful information about yourself.Moreover, whenever someone uses the Internet, especially in a situation where one willingly submits personal information such as credit card and phone numbers, the possibility of third party surveillance is always present. It really conveys the authentic risks one undertakes when participating in the lates t innovation. Another theory that online gaming illustrates is the constant tension between structure and agency. The government represents structure. As a stable entity, it looks to control the path of Internet gambling by establishing rules and regulations in hopes of creating some order.Internet gambling, on the other hand, is the perfect example of agency. Gambling, in and of itself, is the exact definition of what agency represents the ability of uncertainty and chaos to influence the parameters through which we live. However, as much as these two concepts seem unrelated, there is an interdependence that spurs the creation of new technologies, not only in the world of online gaming, but passim the technological landscape.Annotated List of Relevant URLS 1. http//www. playwinningpoker. com/resources/sites2. html This website is a resource for gamblers.It allows the user to learn new games, find new games, and contact certain people involved with gambling. 2. http//www. gambling . com/best/online-gambling-sites. htm This website directs users to the best gambling websites on the Internet.It has a list on the left hand side with about sixty different links to other gambling sites. 3. http//www. out-law. com/page-6655 This website is about illegal activities on the Internet. It contains a few articles on illegal mishaps that have occurred through Internet gambling websites. 4. http//www. becker-posner-blog.com/archives/2006/08/on_internet_gam. html intercommunicate that contains articles about Internet gambling. Website constructed by Gary Becker and Richard Posner. 5. http//www. cardplayer. com/blog/entry/179 Blog that is pro-Internet gambling. Players write their feelings on why they think Internet casinos are fun and exciting. 6. http//www. istoppedgambling. com/ Website founded to help people with gambling problems. Includes personal stories, how-to instructions, and negative articles about gambling. 7. http//www. nomoregambling. com/ Website founde d to help people with Internet gambling problems.Has a hotline and other medias to help combat irresponsible Internet betting. workings Cited Barker, Thomas Britz, Marjie (2000). Jokers Wild Legalized Gambling in the Twenty-first Century. Westport, CT Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. Schwartz G. , David (2003). Suburban Xanadu The Casino Resort on the Las Vegas Strip and Beyond. New York, NY Taylor and Francis Books, Inc. Volberg A. , Rachel (2001). When the Chips Are surmount Problem Gambling in America. New York, NY The Century Foundation, Inc. http//www. cato. org/testimony/ct-tb052198. html.

Christian attitudes to Infertility Essay Example for Free

Christian attitudes to Infertility EssayInfertility is the inability for a couple to count a squirt by the natural processes or after a year of trying.This can happen for a number of reasons. One of the reasons could be stress. As we live in a society with high expectations for people to be successful it puts people under enormous amounts of stress which could go them to become infertile. another(prenominal) problem a couple could face is that either the man or woman could have been born infertile or one of them has an STD (sexually transmitted disease) . another(prenominal) could be dieting , as around women and men diet excessively to reach size zero it causes the womans periods to stop which will in turn cause hormone imbalances which may make a woman infertile. Women could become infertile for a number of other reasons such as smoking, alcohol, age or macrocosm overweight or underweight . Men can also become infertile for a number of reasons such as alcohol, drugs, age a nd radiation and chemotherapy treatments for cancer.This makes life sentence hard for married couples because the wish for a child is too strong. Although some couples can accept god chose for them not to have a child , some others will go to any lengths for a child.There atomic number 18 a number of different treatments for infertile couples. The most common is In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF).In Vitro means in glass in latin which is the way of life the egg is fertilised. It is a technique were an egg is interpreted from the womans womb and placed on a dish and sperm is taken from the man and used to fertilise the egg on the glass . Once the egg has been fertilised and has began to grow as a fetus it is implanted back into the womans womb where it grows for 9 months.The second is Surrogacy. Surrogacy is where another woman carries the baby for another couple who are unable to do so. An egg is taken from the infertile woman and a sperm from the partner and is fertilised then inser ted into the surrogates womb where it grows and when the child is born it is given back to the couple.Another treatment is Artificial Insemination By Donor (AID) . This is a treatment where the sperm of a donor , who is usually unknown to the couple , is medically inserted into the neck of the womans womb where it fertilises the egg and grows into a child .The final treatment is egg donation . This is similar to AID ,only an egg from a donor who is usually unknown to the couple , is fertilised in a look for lab then medically inserted into the infertile womans womb to grow into the child .Georgia AllenAO2Christian attitudes to infertility.Catholics have very strong views about infertility treatments which require research which are done on embryos which Catholics see and class as a human life. Catholics are completely against IVF as it leads to spare embryos being created and then are being used for experiments both scientific and medical. The embryos may even be thrown away , Cat holics are against this because it is a life of a child and it has rights . Catholics are also against infertility treatments because children are supposed to be created through and act of love and infertility treatments interfere with what Gods plans for that couple and no body has the right to shirk God.Other Christians have opposite views about infertility treatments than catholics. They think infertility treatments are a good thing as it brings new life to the ball and makes a couple happy. Some Christians might object to treatments where a donor is involved as some people class this as adultery because it involves somebody else in the marriage and that is wrong because it is in the ten commandments. They do agree with AIH as it involves no third party and is just between a married man and wife. Some Christians are against fertility treatments for unmarried couples or woman past the child bearing age and even homosexuals. As they think that it is not the way God planned it to be .Muslims agree to most treatments as long as they involve no third party and all natural methods of imagination have failed . Muslims are completely against surrogacy and adoption . Muslims believe treatments such as AIH and IVF are ok because they use the sperm of the husband and no other somebody is involved. Islam is against AIH because it has been donated by another man and is seen as adultery .

Social Inequality Within a Society Essay Example for Free

Social Inequality Within a Society EssayThroughout history, amicable kinspersonification has been a basis of stinting and hearty stability. Social clanification was introduced to even the predecessors of human civilization, the Mesopotamian civilization. But, due to natural flaws within the coordinate of the mixer mixed bag system, this system concluded in get biased towards the focal ratio class and unrighteous toward the lower class. Because neighborly classification consistently had flaws which made the system more prejudiced to the lower class, doneout diachronic times, social classification generally affected a rules of order in a negative manner. Provided the idea of social inequality through the marrow of social classification, numerous ancient civilizations including the civilization of Athens, practiced a firm social classing body structure. In the ancient civilization of Athens, the social classing structure was extremely relentless. The velocity class of Athens citizens was permitted only to pure blooded male Athenians who were born into their class. The social structure in Athens was very misogynistic toward females. Women were considered vile and loathsome. They were often treated as outcasts and even slaves.According to Bridges, Women were r atomic number 18ly seen outside the home and had no rights in the Athenian democracy. Due to the rigid social class structure of Athens, women were denied all rights. so far though the principles of democracy state that everyone be treated equally under the rule of law, because of the social class structure of Athens, women were completely denied any rights in a democracy. This take a leak of class structure did not only prevail in European civilizations. But, this rigid classification system also prevailed in Middle east and Indian civilizations as well.Indus River Valley civilization practiced an inexorable and rigid form of social classification. One had to inherit their social clas s by be born into the class. Mobility between classes was impossible. According to Kogl And Moore, People were born into social classes that could not be changed. There were 4 Social classes, which were Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishiyas, and Shudras. Due to the immobile class structure of Indus valley civilization, the citizens were locked in a single class forever.There were four classes which were practiced in Indus Valley Civilization. The Shudras class was considered the lowest class and this class primarily consisted of peasants and serfs. The Shudras were treated as feculence and were also denied natural rights and justice such as freedom to liberty and property. Due to the rigid social class structure in civilizations such as Athens and the Indus River Valley, galore(postnominal) classes were predilected upon while the other classes were denied of their social and natural rights.In addition to the historical examples of social inequality and class struggle, many novels also base the idea of social inequality as their major theme. One of such novels is To overcome A Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Since To Kill A Mockingbird was written in 1954, this novel circulates around the idea of social inequality due to racism. Since Africans were viewed as slaves in the 1950s, these foreigners were denied many of the basic rights which were guaranteed to the Caucasians by the Constitution. In this novel, the central conflict revolves around the Tom Robinson font.Tom Robinson is falsely accused of raping white woman, Mayella Ewell. When Dr. Atticus Finch, the protagonists father accepts to continue the case on behalf of Tom, he is severely criticized and dishonored to the point where the people of Maycomb agree severely injure Dr. Atticus Finch. According to a character named give chase Ewell in the novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, Too proud to fight, you nigger-lovin bastard? (Lee 118). The discrimination due to social class is still prevalent during the time Lee w rote this novel.The major antagonist, Bob Ewell uses the above quotation while trying to murder Dr. Atticus Finch. Bob Ewell is extremely enraged because Dr. Atticus Finch fought against his sister, Mayella just to protect a nigger. This novel conveys a meaning of class struggle and its relative consequences. Because Atticus accepted to protect an innocent African American man, he upset the entire Maycomb town and around got assassinated. Multiple classic novels such as To Kill A Mockingbird, transmit an idea of social inequality, and class struggle to overcome the social inequality.They also cash in ones chips relative consequences for class struggle. One such novel which conveys a meaning of social inequality and a rigid class structure is the novel, hold up refreshed initiation by Aldous Huxley. In this novel, citizens argon predestined to be in one class while in their embryonic stage. While the Alpha embryos be conditioned to excel in academics, the Epsilon embryos are poisoned with alcohol in order to diminish all forms of independent thought processes from their brains.Though the citizens of the Brave New World are in a constant state of confinement, they are educated to become and stay appeased with their servitude. Even though the lower classes in this novel are content with their position, this does not excuse the fact that the lower classes were conditioned to become satisfied with their servitude and that their free will was completely ignored. According to the character named Mustafa Mond in the novel, Brave New World, Liberty to be inefficient and miserable. Freedom to be a round peg in a square hole (Huxley 138).Liberty was considered by the world controllers to be dissatisfying and depressing. Liberty, in the eyes of the world controllers, was unrelated to science and could potentially cause chaos. The world controller, Mustafa Mond is ridiculing the idea of gaining content and satisfaction through the means of liberty. He also uses a m etaphor of freedom being a round peg in a square hole, which was happiness and content. He describes through the metaphor that freedom and happiness are completely unrelated and in order to gain happiness, one must sacrifice his freedom. non only is the political orientation of rigid classing structure used in historical times, but this ideology is also used as one of the major themes in novels such as To Kill A Mockingbird and Brave New World in order to persuade the reader about negative effects of social classing structure on humans. Although social classing primarily affected a society in a negative manner, there have been multiple occasion where social class system has affected a society in a positive manner.One of the positive aspects of social classing system is that the classing system eliminates uneducated classes such as the lowest classes of serfs and peasants from making decisions which are grave enough to impact an entire society. Any society would profit from decision s made by educated and wealthy upper classes, rather than uneducated decisions made by an uneducated and poor class. Because the lower classes receive bare minimum to absolutely no education at all, they are likely to make a decision that would be detrimental to the entire society and also to their own class.According to Girard, Those who possess a lower socioeconomic status, should not be allowed to make decisions impacting a group. Due to the lower socioeconomic status of a class of people, they were not properly exposed to in-depth education in order to make educated decisions for their group. This would mean that if there are extremely educated and wealthy classes to make educated decisions for a society, there is no former to jeopardize the prosperity of a nation by letting lower socioeconomic classes vote.Even though there have been rare circumstances where social classing is proved beneficial, social classing primarily affects any society in a negative manner. In ancient Me so America, several tribes including the Aztecs, have used a rigid and inescapable class structure in order to not only maintain social control, but to also maintain a strong legal opinion in their gods. The aztecs lived their lives in belief that the ancient war beau ideal, Huitzilopochtli fought off the vile and inhuman demons in order to make the sun rise again.The Aztecs also believed that God Huitzilopochtli grew extremely feeble and defenseless by battling the darkness and that he required ample amounts of human blood in order to replenish his strength. So, while the upper class of nobles ruled the tribe, they used the commoners as a source of nourishment for the war god. According to Pfeil, Huitzilopochtli is first in rank, no one is like unto him. Not vainly do I sing coming forth in the garb of our ancestors, I shine I glitter. This ancient Aztec hymm was sung by every victim before he or she was cruelly massacred and had his or her heart gouged out.The Aztecs would sac rifice any commoners including women, children, disaled and the elderly. The social classing structure in tribes such as the Aztecs, was not only injust, but the classing system was also inhumane and deadly. This religious practice was one of the major detriments for the downfall of the Aztecs. Eventhough there have been extremely rare occasions where a society has benefitted from a social class, primarily the social classing structure have always been a negative aspect of a society.The idea of social classing is still prevalent within the modern society. Many countries practice different social classing systems such as Marxism. Marxism is the ideology that the upper class of the society is appropriated a surplus of social product. This simply means that by inheriting or transferring to an upper class, one receives multiple socio-economic benefits. These benefits include unpaid surplus labor. This type of social classification also manifests itself to the society as a negative aspec t of social classification.According to Werner, This deduction theory of the income of the lower class is thus a factor of debate. Due to the upper class receiving the surplus amount of socio-economic product, Marxism has caused many riots in countries. But, due to the socio-economic stability, many countries still continue to utilize it. Regardless, this modern form of social classification impacts the society negatively. In finalization to the ideology and structure of the rigid social classification system, the idea is very obvious that the social classification system impacts any society in a negative manner.Numerous ancient civilizations including the civilization of Athens and the Indus River Valley civilization practiced a rigid social classing structure. In addition to the historical examples of social inequality and class struggle, many novels such as Brave New World and To Kill A Mockingbird, also base the idea of social inequality as their major theme. Throughout histori cal times, Social classification primarily affected a society in a negative manner.

Micronucleus Assay Procedure | Literature Review

Micronucleus Assay Procedure Literature ReviewMicronucleus (MN) is defined as microscopically visible, round or oval cytoplasmic chromatin mass next to the nucleus. Micronuclei (MNi) originate from aberrant mitoses and consist of eccentric chromosomes, chromatid fragments or whole chromosomes that have failed to be incorporated into the daughter nuclei during mitosis. The MN assay has been astray accepted as an in vitro genotoxicity test and a biomarker assay for genotoxic exposure and effect in humans. In the in the beginning times, the MN assay employ to be carried out(a) on lymphocytes, since 1990s this technique has evolved magnificently to be carried out on buccal cells. As collection of buccal cells require a unsubdivided non-invasive cytological smear, MN assay has played a vital role in reviving the application of cytology in the field of diagnostics and research. An attempt has been do to review all the studies carried till date, utilizing micronucleus assay of bucca l cells as a novel marker of genotoxicity in head and neck region.The literal meaning of the vocalise Micronucleus (MN) describes it as a small nucleus in a large cell, or the smaller nuclei in cells that have both or more much(prenominal) structures. Schmid (1975) defined MN as a microscopically visible, round or oval cytoplasmic chromatin mass next to the nucleus (Fig. 1). MN is the bring out given to the small extra-nucleus that plays whenever a chromosome or a fragment of a chromosome is not incorporated into nonpareil of the daughter nuclei during cell division.1 4The two elementary phenomena responsible for the brass of MNi in mitotic cells are dysfunction of the mitotic apparatus and chromosome breakage (Fig. 2). Micronuclei (MNi) are make from the whole chromosomes or chromatid fragments that lag behind in anaphase and are separated out from the daughter nuclei in telophase. Additionally, some MNi gets originated from fragments derived from broken anaphase bridges formed collectable to chromosome rearrangements such as dicentric chromatids, intermingled ring chromosomes or union of babe chromatids.5 9 In the course of telophase these chromosomal regions are included in the daughter cells where they can fuse with the main nucleus or can form one or more smaller secondary nuclei.8 This smaller secondary nucleus is known as MN and its human body can vary from one to many. Now the MN formed can either go with the daughter nucleus they derive from or the other daughter nucleus. In the former scenario, incomplete of the daughter cells is aneuploid, and in the latter case the micronucleated cell has gained a chromosome, while its daughter cell has lost it.5Micronucleus AssayThe Micronucleus assay is defined as an inquiring procedure carried out to analyze micronuclei quantitatively. It is one of the standard cytogenetic tools implemented to assess micronuclei formation (signifying chromosomal rail at) subsequent to exposure to genotoxic/cyto toxic agents.11 In humans, MN assay can be easily employed in lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and exfoliated epithelial cells (e.g. viva voce, urothelial, nasal) to obtain a measure of genome damage induce in vivo.12In the earlier times, once-divided cultured cells (mostly peripheral lymphocytes) were considered ideal for expressing MNi and the procedure used was known as cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. In the CBMN assay, once-divided cells are identified by their BN appearance after blocking cytokinesis with cytochalasin-B (Cyt-B).13 In the last three decades, ever since the advent of MN assay on exfoliated cells, the buccal cells have completely replaced the usage of lymphocytes for the obvious reason of non-invasive collection of cells and simpler mode for analyzing the MNi. The general genotoxicity results by both the methods of MN analysis are comparable.12The radical cells in the oral epithelium are the cells which possess the capability of mitosis, the new cells for med gets differentiated and mature as they migrate to the surface finally replacing the cells which are shed. Thus any genetic damage (expressed as MNi formation) instigated in these basal cells is reflected in the exfoliated cells thus analysis of MNi in these cells can be correlated with the amount of genetic damage. As the oral epithelium acts as the first hindrance for the inhalation or ingestion route and approximately 90% of cancers originate from epithelial cells, therefore, these cells represent a favored target site for early genotoxic events induced by carcinogenic agents entering the body via inhalation and ingestion.12 The procedure for MN assay has been summarized in Table 1-3.Through this review, we int dismiss to highlight the application of MN assay on buccal cells by reviewing substantive studies from the English literature. We also aim to emphasize the pitfalls associated and the measures to overcome the same.Review of LiteratureIn the early studies from the 1980 s, exfoliated buccal mucosa cells were used to evaluate the genotoxic effects of betel nuts and quids and of chewing tobacco. Most studies showed higher MN frequencies at the site within the oral fossa where the quid or tobacco mixture was kept compared to the opposite, control site. The MN assay in buccal cells was also used to admit cancerous and precancerous lesions and to monitor the effects of a number of chemopreventive agents. It is notable that the first studies of Stich and Rosin conducted between 1983 and 1984 had higher baseline MN frequencies than subsequent studies. This whitethorn have been due to a lack of defined scoring criteria and a relatively small number of scored cells (in some cases less than 500). Since then, published biomonitoring studies using the MN assay in buccal mucosa cells have investigated the effects of multiple factors including environmental and occupational exposures, radiotherapy, chemoprevention, vitamin supplementation trials, lifestyle hab its, cancer, and other diseases.12Micronuclei as a novel biomarkerOccupational and environmental exposuresIn the last 1520 classs the MN assay has been applied to evaluate chromosomal damage for biological monitoring of human populations exposed to a variety of mutagenic and carcinogenic chemical or physical agents. Significantly higher frequencies of MN have also been observed in exfoliated buccal cells from people exposed to organic solvents, antineoplastic agents, diesel derivatives, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, lead-containing paints and solvents, and drinking water contaminated with arsenic.12, 18-20MN and radiationIonizing radiation plays an important role in the treatment of many neoplasias, but it also produces genetic damage. As a consequence, secondary tumors may develop years after the primary tumor treatment. some(prenominal) studies evaluated MNi in buccal cells of patients undergoing radiotherapy in the head and neck region. The most striking development in cy togenetic damage (150 300 MN/ grand piano cells) was observed in an early study of three patients exposed to a cumulative dose of 34004000 cGy.12MN frequencies in buccal cells of patients with some specific diseasesA site-specificity was observed for Xeroderma pigmentosum patients, with a higher MN frequence in cells from the dorsal tip of tongue, possibly due to greater light exposure. Down syndrome was associated with a 733% add-on in MNi in equivalence to younger full-blooded controls, and the MN absolute relative absolute frequence was 78.5% higher than in older controls. An increase in MN frequency in buccal cells was reported for Diabetes mellitus with the patients having double the level of genetic damage in comparison to matched controls and for treated pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis in comparison with controls or children with Crohns disease.12 Findings of the study carried out at Genetics Research Unit, National Council Research Institute of Clinical Phy siology, Italy supported the hypothesis that CBMN assay may provide an useful tool for screening of the obesity and metabolic syndrome and its progression to diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adults as surface in children.21 Results of the study carried out in Mexico demonstrated a strong association between HPV type infection and MN frequency.22Lifestyle and Host FactorsLifestyle factors that are associated with genetic damage include smoking, alcohol consumption, and diet, especially vitamin deficiencies and supplementation. The majority of the studies reporting a significant increase in MN in buccal mucosa cells related to a risk of oral cancer were performed in subgroups of subjects with specific lifestyle habits, i.e. chewers of betel quids (areca nut, betel leaves, slaked lime and tobacco) from India, Taiwan and Philippines reverse smokers (who hold the lit end of the cigarette inside their mouths) from India and Philippines snuff dippers from Canada users of Khaini toba cco (tobacco mixed with slaked lime) from India, and other similar practices.12 The HUMN project is an effective vehicle for the development and implementation of an international cooperative validation effort to bring together the various buccal MN databases, and to identify and quantify the key variables affecting this biomarker.12EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY AND MICRONUCLEI RELATED STUDIESStudies in relation to spoken Cancer Potentially Malignant LesionsBiomonitoring of the changes in patients with diagnosed diseases or pathological changes that may lead to the development of cancer and other illnesses is becoming increasingly popular, and may be the most rapidly growing area of application of the MN assay to epithelial cells.12A study carried out in France, in the year 1987, make out a baseline of 1.30 Micronucleated cells/1000 Cells in patients with carcinoma of upper digestive tract, using Feulgen Stain.12 A revised protocol for the exfoliated cell micronucleus assay was field-tes ted in a population exposed to a genotoxic agent, snuff, at levels associated with a significant increase in cancer risk in North Carolina. The assay was revised to increase specificity and to include separate scoring of other nuclear anomalies associated with cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. The prevalence of micronucleation was elevated in the snuff users as compared with the nonusers (prevalence ratio = 2.4, 95% impudence interval 1.15.2) and, to a lesser extent, at the usual contact site as compared with a distal buccal site in the snuff users (prevalence ratio = 1.5, 95% confidence interval 0.92.5).23 In a study carried out in India, frequencies of micronucleated cells (MNCs) were analyzed in the exfoliated buccal mucosa of normal healthy individuals from different parts of India who were regularly using either areca nut alone, mava, tamol, tobacco with lime, dry snuff or masheri. The analyses were also carried out among oral submucous fibrosis patients who had the habit of che wing either mava or areca nut. Compared with no habit healthy individuals, all the groups, irrespective of their type of habit, had significantly higher frequencies of MNCs.24A study carried out in Texas, using Feulgen cross, implant out an increase in Micronuclei frequency at the site of lesion in Leukoplakia, which got decreased after the administration of tocopherol. 25 A study through with(p) in India in year 1996, found out an change magnitude micronuclei count in oral exfoliated cells of patients suffering from Leukoplakia, Lichen Planus and Oral Submucous Fibrosis, using Giemsa stain. A baseline of 1.9 Micronucleated cells/1000 cells was found in for distributively one of the lesions as compared to normal subjects.12 A study done in Germany in year 2000, found out a baseline of 9.0 Micronucleated cell/1000 cells each in patients suffering from Squamous Cell Carcinoma of upper digestive tract and Leukoplakia, using Giemsa stain.12 A study done in Brazil in the year 200 2 found out a baseline of 1.13 Micronucleated cell/1000 cells in patients diagnosed with oral cancer, using Feulgen stain.12 In another study carried out in West Bengal, India, 50 patients with precancerous or malignant oral epithelial lesions were compared with 50 age and sex matched healthy controls without any oral lesions, using Giemsa stain. The MN frequency was increased in preoperative cancer cases and decreased in postoperative cases, while in pre-cancerous cases it was higher than in the controls.26 A group of researchers from Italy, studied Micronuclei and p53 accumulations in preneoplastic and malignant lesions of head and neck and concluded that both these biomarkers were found in precancerous lesions, suggesting that they are early event in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression. The two biomarkers were not related to each other, indeed micronuclei frequency was found out to be higher in p53 -negative than in p53 positive cells.27 Another study done in India , in year 2007, found out a baseline of 1.6 Micronucleated cell/1000 cells each in patients diagnosed with Oral Cancer and pre malignant lesions of the oral cavity, using Giemsa stain.1 In an infield study carried out on smokers in Egypt, Papanicolaou ( pablum) stain was compared with May Grunwald Giemsa (MGG) for staining of micronuclei in exfoliated buccal cells. Researchers found out that PAP stain was faster and easier to process and transport in the field study than was MGG stain. Regarding MGG smears, bacteria and cell debris masked the MN as compared to PAP smears, in which the fixative destroyed the bacteria and made the cell boundaries clearly demarcated. Using PAP stain, MN were seen easily in transparent cytoplasm. Finally they concluded that PAP stain is the preferred method infield studies for scoring and detecting MN in cells of buccal mucosa.28A study carried out in JIPMER, Pondicherry, India screened 25 patients in varying stages of squamous cell carcinoma of oral ca vity and 25 patients with premalignant lesions for the presence of Micronuclei in the epithelial scrapings obtained from the site of the lesion. Highest Micronucleus Index was found in carcinoma and erythroplakia among the premalignant lesions, using the MayGrunwald Giemsa and Giemsa stain.3 In a study carried out in Thailand on patients with Oral Lichen Planus(OLP), it was found out that the frequency of Micronucleated Epithelial Cells(MEC) in OLP patients was 3.79% and 0.37% in the lesions and normal-appearing mucosa, respectively. Using a paired t-test, it was found that the MEC frequency in the OLP lesions was significantly elevated (p 29 In another study carried out in India, Micronucleus frequencies in oral exfoliated cells stained with Papanicolaou stain were counted and correlated with the histopathological grades and clinical stages of squamous cell carcinoma patients. They were also compared with the healthy control subjects. Micronuclei (MN) frequencies were found higher in squamous cell carcinoma patients than in control subjects. MN frequencies were also found to be raise with increasing histological grades of squamous cell carcinoma.30 Grover et al observed a significantly raised micronuclei count in potentially malignant disorders like Leukoplakia, Lichen planus and OSMF, when compared to normal healthy mucosa.31 In another study, Grover et al applied Hematoxylin Eosin stain, the most commonly used stain for histopathological examination, for staining the cytosmears and found statistically significant results.32Studies not in relation to Potentially Malignant LesionsThe micronucleus test was applied to exfoliated cells of the buccal mucosa of four population groups (A) non-smokers and non-drinkers of alcoholic beverages, (B) non-smokers but alcohol drinkers, (C) smokers but non-drinkers, and (D) smokers and drinkers. An elevated frequency of micronucleated buccal mucosa cells was observed only in group D (smokers and alcohol drinkers). Neither smoking alone of up to and over 60 cigarettes per twenty-four hours nor ethanol drinking alone of up to 1.21 per day led to a detectable elevation of micronucleated buccal mucosa cells.33A study carried out in Amsterdam, Netherlands in an attempt to define a standardized protocol for counting micronuclei to assess the genotoxic damage in human exfoliated cells, concluded that atleast 10,000 exfoliated cells should be screened to monitor a significant reduction of 50% in the number of micronuclei (for a patient with an initial frequency in the micronuclei frequency range given). Since it takes 7 h to evaluate this number of cells, it was also concluded that counting of micronuclei requires automation.2 A structured literature review done on smoking and smokeless tobacco associated changes concluded that the assay used most frequently for tobacco-associated buccal cell changes was the micronucleus assay. The biological significance of the micronuclei in buccal cells of the oral muco sa is that the micronuclei are a facial expression of a promptly identifiable clastogenic event that, has been associated with smoke and smokeless tobacco.34 A study carried out on Gas Station Attendants in Brazil, found out an increased Micronuclei frequency in exfoliated buccal cells of the exposed as compared to the controls, using Feulgen stain.35 A group of researchers from West Bengal, India, in an attempt to study the genotoxic effects of combustion fumes on targeted sites carried out Micronucleus assay using Feulgen stain in buccal epithelial cells of 47 firefighters and they found a 3 fold increase in Micronuclei frequency as compared to the controls.36 To study the effects of occupational exposure to petroleum derivatives such as benzene, exfoliated buccal cells from 50 petrol station attendants and 50 age- and sex-matched control subjects were examined for micronucleus (MN) frequency by a group of researchers in Turkey. Frequencies of nuclear abnormalities (NA) other th an micronuclei, such as binucleates, karyorrhexis and karyolysis, were also evaluated, using Feulgen stain. Analysis of buccal cells revealed that MN and NA frequencies in petrol station workers were significantly higher than in control subjects (P P 37Another study in Brazil was carried out to comparatively evaluate the DNA damage (micronucleus) and cellular death (pyknosis, karyolysis and karyorrhexis) of exfoliated buccal mucosa cells from children and adults following dental X-ray exposure. The results indicated no statistically significant differences (P 0.05) in childrens as well as in adults micronucleated oral mucosa cells before and after dental X-ray exposure.38 In a study conducted in Europe, a total of 239 agricultural workers and 231 unexposed controls were examined for cytogenetic effects in lymphocytes of peripheral blood and exfoliated cells of the oral mucosa. The frequency of micronuclei (MN) was evaluated in both cell types and their relationship to different di scombobulate factors (e.g. sex, country, smoking habit, etc.) was determined, using Giemsa stain. The results obtained indicated that there are no increases in MN frequencies in the agricultural workers when compared with the controls for either lymphocytes or buccal cells.39ConclusionMN formation is generally considered as a manifestation of genetic damage or chromosomal breakage.Many investigators already and unequivocally have called MN as an approaching marker of tumorogenesis.MN is thus a potential biomarker to screen genotoxicity, biomonitoring of various diseases, detection of malignancies and preneoplastic conditions and also a lot of other diseases.Since MN is a manifestation of day to day exposure to environmental pollutants, infections, nutrition, radiation, foods, and the genetic make-up or ethnicity which again varies around the globe. So there must be an upper settle of the base-line MN frequency only beyond which we can label it as increased MN frequency.