Civic Electronic Networks :: Political Science Essays

Civic electronic Networks Who would ever believe that a stereo-typical gangster teenager and a wealthy businessman would ever be able to contest and have equal say in government politics and their community affairs? With technology advancing almost daily, many cities kindred Santa Monica, California and Blacksburg, Virginia, have been able to make equal communication possible with the use of civic electronic networks. These civic electronic networks allow citizens to speak and debate openly on any topic they desire. John Schwartz and Pamela Varley wrote articles describing actual experiments with electronic democracy that took place in Blacksburg, Virginia, and Santa Monica, California. Though each city used truly(prenominal) different scenarios for their civic electronic network, both of these real-life cases allowed for people to actually test and participate in the civic electronic network and see its impacts on their community. Blacksburg Electronic Village, or BEV, was creat ed in Blacksburg, Virginia with the money by grants from Bell Atlantic and the cooperation of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. With around 60 percent of Blacksburgs citizens having email, 40 percent having secure Internet access, and all-access computers in the library almost the whole town is wired. John Schwartz, a science writer at the Washington Post, wrote an article entitled The American Dream, and Email for All, describing the experiences of community members of Blacksburg, Virginia. He explained how the BEV successfully fused small-town folk with high-tech communications(242). Schwarz explains, that the BEV has not only acted as a communication tool for the town nevertheless as an asset to each individuals personal life. People of Blacksburg, Virginia are able to pay their bills, print-and-redeem coupons, and have custom-order packages delivered via the BEV. According to Schwartz, The folks in Blacksburg dont yearn for the flash and daze if it doesnt ha ve payoff in utility(241). The BEV seemed to work incredibly well for the citizens of Blacksburg, but would a system like that work everywhere? Probably not. Being a small town, almost all the citizens have access, and most of the community businesses were able to promote their trade easily, so no one was left out of the loop. Also, because Blacksburg is a town where everybody knows each other there wasnt much uncivil commentary. A community member explained, (In Blacksburg), if you yell at somebody, theres a good chance youre firing to see them on the street. So, folks in this small town were lucky, however, in a city or large suburban area things could have been very different.

Guiseppe Garibaldi :: essays research papers

Giuseppe Garibaldi, b. Nice, France July 4, 1807, d. Caprera, Italy June 2, 1882. He was known as Italys most brilliant soldier of the Risorgimento (the Italian Unification), and one of the greatest guerrilla fighters of only time. While serving (1833-34) in the navy of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, he came under the influence of Giuseppe Mazzini, the prophet of Italian nationalism. He took part in an abortive republican uprising in Piedmont in 1834. Under a death sentence, he managed to escape to South America, where he lived from 1836 to 1848. There he took part in struggles in Brazil and helped Uruguay in its war against Argentina, commanding its small navy and, later, an Italian legion at Montevideo. The warrior achieved international fame through the publicity of his elder Alexandre Dumas. Wearing his colorful gaucho costume, Garibaldi returned to Italy in April 1848 to fight in its war of independence. His exploits against the Austrians in Milan and against the French fo rces supporting Rome and the Papal States made him a national hero. Overpowered at last in Rome, Garibaldi and his men had to retreat through central Italy in 1849. Anita, his wife and companion-in-arms, died during this retreat. Disbanding his men, Garibaldi again escaped abroad, where he lived successively in North Africa, the United States, and Peru. The "hero of twain worlds" could not return to Italy until 1854. In 1859 he helped Piedmont in a new war against Austria, leading a volunteer Alpine force that captured Varese and Como. In may 1860, Garibaldi set out on the greatest venture of his life, the conquest of Sicily and Naples. This time he had no governmental support, but Premier Cavour and King Victor Emmanuel II dared not stop the popular hero. They stood ready to help, but only if he proved successful. Sailing from near Genoa on May 6 with 1,000 Red shirts, Garibaldi reached Marsala, Sicily, on May 11 and proclaimed himself dictator in the name of Victor Emman uel. At the Battle of Calatafimi (May 30) his guerrilla force defeated the regular army of the queen mole rat of Naples. A popular uprising helped him capture Palermo--a brilliant success that convinced Cavour that Garibaldis volunteer army should now be secretly supported by Piedmont. Garibaldi get across the Strait of Messina on August 18-19 and in a whirlwind campaign reached Naples on September 7. On October 3-5 he fought another battle on the Volturno River, the biggest of his career.

Advertising, Food and Children :: Expository Exemplification Essays

 Advertising, Food and Children   Peanut, peanut butter and jelly. Advertising has an impact on its audience. From songs to logos to characters, food crossway advertisers must keep in mind their audiences. Competition is the force which causes advertisers to behind children. Children are targeted through the use of cute phrases, lively characters, and toys in these competitive advertisements.   Many types of food have a phrase associated with them. Commercials use these phrases to implant their product into the audiences memory. Goldfish crackers are an example of atomic number 53 these products. I love the fishes cause their so delicious... This is the theme to a well known commercial which advertises Pepperigde Farm goldfish crackers. Children sing the phrase everyplace and over throughout the entirety of the commercial. By the time the commercial ends the line and product are inevitably stuck in a persons mind. The commercial says ... and my mom says thats okay, which implies to children that their parents leave allow them to eat this snack. Another example of a product with an addicting phrase is Oscar Meyer bologna. My bologna has a first name its O-S-C-A-R... Instead of this song selling the product itself, its aim is to sell the brand. The Oscar Meyer company has had auditions for the next Oscar Meyer child. Again, their coating is to sell their brand. The company also has another product with a catchy song, Oscar Meyer hot dogs. I concupiscence I were an Oscar Meyer wiener... The stress of this phrase is also the brand. Oscar Meyer commercials use children to sing these songs and like the goldfish commercial, the song has been imprinted into a persons memory be the end of the commercial. Both companies goal is to sell their product. By targeting children, whole families are then targeted. Competition between companies with similar products, is the reason phrases are used. If one company can create a phrase t hat everyone will know and remember, they are one step closer to winning the race.   Animated characters are also a medium used to target children. Animation has been the way which companies from Disney to Cartoon Network, capture the attention of children everywhere. Tony the Tiger is the spokesperson for Kelloggs frosted flakes.

Benedict Arnold :: American History

Benedict ArnoldNo other American is remembered quite the same as Benedict Arnold. He was a tolerate soldier, a patriot- and a traitor. Benedict was born inNorwich, Connecticut, on January 14, 1741. When he was 14 divisions old,Benedict ran onward from home to fight in the French and Indian War, but hewas brought back by his mother, who apparently was driven insane later inher life. If I had a son like Benedict, I might have gone insane too After his mother insisted that he return home, he ran remote for a secondtime. After he was finished playing boy hero for awhile, he learned theapothecary (pharmacy) trade and then in 1762, he opened a book and dosestore in New Haven. Benedict was also involved with trade in the WestIndies. By 1774, he was one of the wealthiest citizens in New Haven. Its a good thing that he had money, because he was one of those peoplewho like to ride around in their Mercedes and discover expensive clothes, evenif he couldnt cede them. Benedict then got hooked up with thesheriffs daughter Margaret Mansfield, and they hit it off. They decidedto get married in 1774. exclusively this marriage was short lived because thenext year Margaret caught a disease and died. When the Revolutionary Warbegan that year Arnold was already an experienced soldier. He had helpedEthan Allen capture Fort Ticonderoga. thusly Benedict came up with a vastidea to capture Quebec. This idea failed, but Benedict had already provenhis bravery. He was then commissioned as a colonel in the patriot forces. He was one of General George Washingtons most trusted officers. Benedict led his troops to the siege of Boston and Valcour Islandand proved once again to be a overvaliant and skilled officer. At the battle ofValcour Island he was wounded severely in his leg. His bravery won himthe respect of many an(prenominal) people. He was promoted to the rank of brigadiergeneral. Arnold mat up that his services were not properly rewarded. In1777, Congre ss promoted five officers, who were junior to Benedict, tomajor general. Only a individual(prenominal) plea from General George Washington unplowedhim from resigning. He did receive a delayed promotion to major general,but he was still angered that he was not promoted to a rank higher up thejunior officers promoted earlier. Then to top things off, a fellowBenedict Arnold American HistoryBenedict ArnoldNo other American is remembered quite the same as Benedict Arnold. He was a brave soldier, a patriot- and a traitor. Benedict was born inNorwich, Connecticut, on January 14, 1741. When he was 14 years old,Benedict ran away from home to fight in the French and Indian War, but hewas brought back by his mother, who apparently was driven insane later inher life. If I had a son like Benedict, I might have gone insane too After his mother insisted that he return home, he ran away for a secondtime. After he was finished playing boy hero for awhile, he learned theapothecary (pharma cy) trade and then in 1762, he opened a book and drugstore in New Haven. Benedict was also involved with trade in the WestIndies. By 1774, he was one of the wealthiest citizens in New Haven. Its a good thing that he had money, because he was one of those peoplewho like to ride around in their Mercedes and wear expensive clothes, evenif he couldnt afford them. Benedict then got hooked up with thesheriffs daughter Margaret Mansfield, and they hit it off. They decidedto get married in 1774. But this marriage was short lived because thenext year Margaret caught a disease and died. When the Revolutionary Warbegan that year Arnold was already an experienced soldier. He had helpedEthan Allen capture Fort Ticonderoga. Then Benedict came up with a greatidea to capture Quebec. This idea failed, but Benedict had already provenhis bravery. He was then commissioned as a colonel in the patriot forces. He was one of General George Washingtons most trusted officers. Benedict led his troop s to the siege of Boston and Valcour Islandand proved once again to be a bold and skilled officer. At the battle ofValcour Island he was wounded severely in his leg. His bravery won himthe respect of many people. He was promoted to the rank of brigadiergeneral. Arnold felt that his services were not properly rewarded. In1777, Congress promoted five officers, who were junior to Benedict, tomajor general. Only a personal plea from General George Washington kepthim from resigning. He did receive a delayed promotion to major general,but he was still angered that he was not promoted to a rank above thejunior officers promoted earlier. Then to top things off, a fellow

Comment closely on the poem Rising Five, looking in particular at Essay

Comment closely on the poem Rising Five, looking in particular athow Nicholson uses imagery.Rising Five is about how people inadequacy to grow up quickly, andtherefore how we want to rush through our lives and our youth. It isalso about how we do not appreciate our precious and present momentsin our lives, the position that we are always looking forward into thefuture and not focusing on what we have now. The imagery used in thispoem complements and emphasizes these messages to the reader, creatinga pelt along t mavin and effect. For example, we immediately get thefeeling of someone who is rushing in the first line of the poem Imrising five.Stanza one is about a boy who is 4 years and 8 months Hed beenalive/Fifty-six months or perhaps a workweek more(prenominal). Fifty-six monthssounds like a much longer time than 4 years and 8 months. We alsoknow that he is counting the time as it passes perhaps a week more,this suggests that the boy wants to rush through life and grow up mor equickly, even being one week older counts. The imagery of the littlecoils of hair/ Un...

Comment closely on the poem Rising Five, looking in particular at Essay

Comment closely on the poetry Rising Five, looking in particular athow Nicholson uses resourcefulness.Rising Five is about how people want to grow up quickly, andtherefore how we want to rush through our lives and our youth. It is in addition about how we do not appreciate our precious and present momentsin our lives, the fact that we are always looking forward into thefuture and not focusing on what we have now. The imagery used in thispoem complements and emphasizes these messages to the reader, creatinga rushed tone and effect. For example, we immediately get thefeeling of someone who is rushing in the first line of the poem Imrising five.Stanza one is about a boy who is 4 years and 8 months Hed beenalive/ lvi months or perhaps a week more. Fifty-six monthssounds like a much longer time than 4 years and 8 months. We alsoknow that he is counting the time as it passes perhaps a week more,this suggests that the boy wants to rush through life and grow up morequickly, even being on e week older counts. The imagery of the littlecoils of hair/ Un...

Mountainside Industries consultant report Essay

Upon analyzing the ongoing problems facing mountainside Industries in effort to increase efficiency and hack production cost. Company-wide resolutions must be implemented. This report comes to the following conclusion that in efforts to rectify the proceeding situations, Mountainside Industries should implement the following communicate to every last(predicate) utilizationees a shared vision for the partys future, reconstruct the administrative framework, encourage employees to take initiative, and planning and implementing a prissy payroll system that will resolving power in smoother operations and efficiency.Shared Vision of Companys FutureCreating a clear and effective future company vision delivers galore(postnominal) benefits to the business. Not only does a clear, shared vision help define the values of a company and its employees, but it also helps guide the behavior of all employees. A strong vision also leads to improved productivity and efficiency, in which seems to be a growing problem for Mountainside Industries. With a clearly communicated vision, Mountainside Industries will encourage involvement from its employees and create a mind of shared vision that will enable the organization to realize the benefits associated with a strong sense of vision. It is important to create this company-wide vision in order to benefit the company.Restructuring the Administrative framework at Mountainside IndustriesIf the company aims to resolving the occurring issues with its employees, it is important for the company to employ a proper leadership style. The improper management strategies of the Administrative System at Mountainside Industries, in conjunction with lack of proper communication has caused the financial status of the industry to become unsteady. Currently, a study issue lies between the managers much authoritative approach in which the workers feel compel to respect the leader, as opposed to the more lenientoperations occurring prior to the new leadership changes that has caused productions to slow. In order to resolve these issues, the company should introduce a Code of Ethics that both administrative and production employees must abide by to keep from any future employee/management complications from arising. This will resolve the ongoing resentment tissues that the employees have incurred for management, and will improve the relationship between management and employee.Encourage Employees to Take InitiativeIn order to encourage employees to become more involved within the company, the need for employees to take initiative on their own to do what needs to be done is the best way to insure the companys future as profitable. The problem that pertains at Mountainside Industries is that the company lacks in treating all members of the company as valuable, which remains to be a major issue. The workers are unhappy because they feel that there is unfair treatment occurring leading them feel discouraged and invaluable. Em ployees need to be encouraged and rewarded for being involved, as wellspring as taking initiative, and sharing ideas. In addition to helping the organization save money by reducing costs, improving processes, and delight the companys ethics, taking initiative makes the employees job much more exciting encouraging them make things happen. A company that encourages their employees to get involved in the conclusiveness making process will encourage employees to become more involved as well as increase productivity within the company.Planning and Implementing a Proper Payroll SystemIn order to increase company efficiency, the company should implement a payroll system that compensates employees according to their productivity siding and efficiency. Currently, workers complain that the wages are low, and turnover is high among the young males, which they then compensate for by taking breaks or taking home with them company materials, create production cost to increase and efficiency l evels to decrease. A proper payroll system will improve the efficiency of the workforce, and increaseproduction due to pecuniary incentives. Rewarding workers for their efforts will keep the workforce from veering off their intended duties, thereby reducing employee turnover and costs. It is vital for the company to implement a proper payroll system if they are to entourage workers cut costs and increase efficiency to insure the companys future goals are reached.

Analysis of “Dulce et Decorum Est” Essay

The poem we have been analysing in class, Dulce et Decorum Est, was written by a human race named Wilfred Owen. Wilfred Owen was a soldier in the first world struggle and was born on the 18th of March 1893, and died on the 4th of November 1918, a week in the first place the end of the first world warfare. In this poem, Owens objective is to show the horror and earthly concern of war, and to set this horror against the way in which war was very much glorified. His objection, the glorification of war is reflected in the form of address, Dulce et Decorum Est This is translated as It is sweet and glorious. Wilfred Owen uses this as a form of irony, to draw in the lectors attention. It was particularly meant for another war poet, Jesse Pope.She wrote closely(predicate) all the good and positive reasons for war, and tried to encourage work force to go and fight for their country. You can easily feel how Wilfred Owen mat up about the first world war. His use of adjectives like bi tter, helpless and smothering dreams and the use of estimatery, give us a clear picture of what it was like. These voice communication ar use to convey the ug parameterss, fear, poignancy and the pain of the war. Wilfred Owen uses clear t onenesss throughout the poem help us to understand how he matte, and why he felt this way. In most of the poem, the tone is quite angry, due to the choice of actors line and how they are employ. Owen gives us graphic descriptions, speaking in a very channel and straight forward way. His use of the word you in the third stanza, underscores my point clearly. He uses this to draw us in, and to make us feel how he felt. non only does he make us feel how he felt, but the poet makes us use our senses. He makes us hear this one man dying, assay for life. He makes us taste the bitterness of war, and the reality of it. All of these techniques are used in the poem, because he wants us to be shocked at the reality that he is presenting. In his illus tration of war, Owen describes an incident of exhausted soldiers trudging through the mud, clearly unhappy and very tired. They are all leaving the front line in order to rest for a while in a safer place. Before this can happen the group get attacked by a sea of gas. Owen explains how one soldier is late in putting on his mask. Wilfred Owen describes the symptoms shown by this man as the poison late kills him. He therefore distinguishs us how this man plunges at him, guttering, choking, drowning.Owen is helpless he cant do anything to save this mans life. This man is forever haunting his dreams. Wilfred Owen then says My friend you would not tell with such high appetite So, directly speaking to us, and Jesse Pope, or anyone who conceive ofs that war is sweet or glorious, that its unfeignedly a lie The poet then repeats the title as the old lie Dulce et Decorum Est Pro patria mori. The full translation of this is It is sweet and glorious to die for ones country.In Stanza 1, I have already briefly talked about the contrast between the title of the poem and the actual poem itself. Its ironic. When we think of the title we imagine men with high spirits, volitioning to fight for their country, not old beggars under sacks, smelly and dirty, with the weight of the war weighing them down. In an instant we start to realise that war isnt sweet or glorious.The word beggars implies that maybe the soldiers were of low ranks. That they have all, no matter what rank, have been reduced to a basic human level, dependant on others for their survival. Sacks are like rags this gives the impression that the soldiers havent even been given adequate warm clothing. All this imagery creates sympathy for the soldiers and uses an image that you will be able to disturb to. The rhythm in the first stanza is slow, with lots of commas. Owen uses punctuation like this because he wants you to see war for what it is.The use of commas, slow what you are reading down, and making it lon ger, as if you are walking/trudging alongside these tired soldiers. As the stanza goes on Owen shortens the convictions, they are getting slower and slower, emphasizing the soldiers exhaustion. Also the words trudge and sludge give a heavy sound and feel to the poem, as if you can hear the soldiers heavy footsteps. The last line of the first stanza, Wilfred Owen uses alliteration, gas shells dropping softly behind, the repeated S sound, the sibilant S, makes a soft and smooth sound, like a lullaby, slowly easing you to sleep. This hints at what the soldiers feel like, tired and exhausted. Owen uses this for a contrast in the next line.Gas Gas this is more powerful and contrasting technique used hither to create an atmosphere of panic and horror. The use of exclamation marks here in any case portray a scene of panicking and rushing. Owen uses direct speech here to draw us in and to speak to us, which is assorted from the first stanza where Owen uses the past tense. The imagery he re is really engaging it gives us the sense of rushing to match the clumsy helmets.The word clumsy is a use of personification. Its as if the helmets were fighting against the soldiers. Personification is useful, because you can relate to a human experience/image. Floundering is a strong verb It gives you a clear image of this man struggling for life. Wilfred Owen excessively uses an elongate metaphor of the sea, giving you a clear and a visual image of this struggle. As under a green sea, I saw him drowning. An extended metaphor keeps the image going. plunges, guttering, choking, drowning are all related to the sea, so therefore an extended metaphor.Also the words guttering, choking, drowning are a form of onomatopoeia, Owen makes us use our senses, to hear this mans suffering. As if we were there. The poet uses the adjective green, this colour is a good deal associated with evil, this is used to make the readers think that everything that is going on is evil and wrong. In all my dreams, ahead my helpless sight this is a quite shocking sentence to use. Wilfred Owen has obviously been scared by this mans death, not one but all of his dreams re haunted by this man dying in front of his sight. This creates a feeling of horror and sympathy for Wilfred Owen and all the men who suffered like this.It is obvious in the third stanza, that war disgusts Wilfred Owen. The adjectives he uses emphasize his conviction adjectives like vile, obscene and bitter. These are all very harsh words to use, but all portray his opinion clearly. The imagery Owen also uses in this stanza gives the impression that war is disgusting. The simile like a devils sick of sin shows Owens absolute disgust, you can feel that as well. This simile implies that war is the work of the devil, and even he is sick of it Another poetic technique used in this stanza is the alliteration of the letter W- fix the white eyes writhing in his face You cant exactly say it quickly so you have to say it slow ly so you can think about it, and realise the horror and reality of what is happening.The tone throughout this stanza is angry and harsh this reflects Wilfred Owens thoughts and feelings about war. Dulce et Decorum Est Pro patria mori is a lie and Wilfred Owen is disgusted by it A capital L is used to make the lie important, and a colon is used to introduced the unforgivable lie, it is also used to make us run off and think about it before we say it. Wilfred Owen uses a great depth of feeling in this poem, he uses emotive phraseology and his personal impression and traumatic experience of war affects the convincing and clear marrow of the devastation of war Comparison of both war poems(Dulce et decorum est and felo-de-se in the trenches)As a comparison to the poem by Wilfred Owen, we have been studying felo-de-se in the trenches by the war poet, Siegfried Sassoon. Dulce et Decorum Est and Suicide in the trenches themes are similar. They both are about the reality and harshness of war. Unlike Dulce et Decorum Est, from the title Suicide in the Trenches you can figure out that the title is about death, to be specific a suicide.The word Siegfried Sassoon uses in the title, suicide, could mean a few different things. Maybe it could mean that going to war is suicidal, or basically that someone commits suicide in the trenches. Its different to Dulce et Decorum Est because it isnt ironic and Sassoon actually tells you what happens, he puts you straight, whilst Owen leaves you thinking about the theme and message of the poem. The poem, like Dulce et Decorum Est, focuses on the death of one soldier in the First World War. Sassoon describes this young mans life before the war, and how undecomposable it was, and how satisfied he was with it.The poet then goes to talk about the war, and the horror of it. Its as if Sassoon is making a list of all that is wrong and bad about the war, but mainly what is wrong with the trenches. In the second stanza he stresses the awf ul health conditions, loneliness, patriotism, and the lack of resources the soldiers faced in the trenches. Siegfried Sassoons use of the word and in the second stanza is as if he is building up to the point where this man cant take any more of it, so he commits suicide. Sassoon then speaks directly to us, like Wilfred Owen in Dulce et Decorum Est, both poets are disgusted by this war, but mostly by the people who cheer and support the soldiers. In a way, they both makes us feel guilty about it.In the first stanza, Siegfried Sassoon uses the adjective simple to describe the soldiers life before the war. He led a simple life, but was satisfied with it. The adjective simple could have also been used to indicate that this was a boy, simple and nave. The poet also says who grinned at life in empty mirth. This suggests that this boy didnt have many aims in life, and didnt let anything really disoblige him. This could also mean that he was from a working background, like a farm. The sen tence And whistled early with the lark suggests that he had to get up early, like a farmer. Unlike Dulce et Decorum Est, the first stanza in Suicide in the Trenches is quite positive.Sassoon uses words like joy, grinned, and slept soundly. Sassoon also uses distribute vowels, boy and joy, which are light words to say. All these words accentuate his freedom and happiness. Siegfried Sassoon uses these particular words for a contrast in the next stanza, where all these proscribe and heavy words are used. The poet does this contrast to toy with our emotions. The poet also might have done this to emphasize the harshness and reality of war, and how different it is to this boys simple but satisfied life.In the second stanza, Sassoon uses the rhyming couplet glum and rum. These are quite heavy words, and not like the open vowels used in the first stanza. Siegfried Sassoon uses these to emphasize the soldiers, how glum and weary they were, and to highlight how tiring and difficult it was f or them. The words lack of rum could mean two things that literally there was no rum, or he was less energetic, because rum dulls the senses. Maybe without it he cant cope. I have said before that Sassoons use of the word and and his lack of punctuation in the first two lines to drag the sentences on, and that makes it longer, and makes it sound longer too. In a way Sassoon is building up all the horrible things to the point where this young man cant take any more of it.This creates sympathy for the soldiers who faced conditions like this. Siegfried Sassoon only uses two lines to portray the conditions of war, whilst Wilfred Owen uses many more lines and makes it longer and more expatiate. In the third line of the second stanza, the sentence He put a bullet through his brain. Finishes with a full stop. The full stop used here highlights the particular that this mans life has ended. His life, like the sentence, has come to a stop. Sassoon uses punctuation here, to stop and make you think about what has actually just happened. The next line No one spoke of him again. Is a change in the rhythm.Throughout the poem so far, there has been eight syllables in each line, but when we get to this sentence there is only seven syllables. Sassoon changes the rhythm here to stress the fact there isnt any need to speak of this man again. Although, the change in rhythm could also mean that people are in a way ashamed to speak of this man again, because he committed suicide, everyone overlooks him as a coward. The poet uses a full stop here as well, to make the reader stop and acknowledge what has just happened.The third stanza is like the last stanza in Dulce et Decorum Est. The poets speak directly to us and tell us how they feel about the war, and how disgusted they are by it. The tones used by both the poets in the last stanza are a little sympathetic but really angry, this illustrates their actual feelings of war. The tone used is also potpourri of disgraced, as if Sass oon is ashamed of crowd of people cheering at these young lads. It makes us think about what we think of war, and makes us question ourselves on our opinions etc. When Sassoon uses the metaphor hell he is describing war as hell. This gives a clear and evident image to relate to. Wilfred Owen also uses the image of hell in Dulce et Decorum Est too. This image makes the reader understand that war is a hellish and horrible place. When Siegfried Sassoon says youth and laughter he is trying to get the image across that these are young lads. He uses words like simple, lads, boy, youth and laughter to underline that these were nave insecure children.It is clear that Siegfried Sassoon disapproves of the fact that children of fighting in this hellish place. Wilfred Owen also does this in Dulce et Decorum Est. Wilfred Owen says My friend you would not tell with such high zest to children ardent for some desperate glory, the old lie Siegfried Sassoon uses the word kindling, to describe the eye (s) of the smug-faced crowds. Sassoon tries to show with a sarcastic tone that they think war is a glorious thing, that they feel proud of these children, and seem to understand and appreciate what they are doing. But in reality, they can never imagine what these children are going through, and in reality, they dont care or feel appreciative of what the children did. Therefore, the word kindling reveals the hypocrisy behind people who support war.The structure of this poem is different to Dulce et Decorum Est. Sassoon uses rhyme and rhythm to make the poem sound light and bouncy. He not only does this to make it more memorable, but he does this to emphasize the contrast of what the smug-faced crowds impression and enthusiasm towards war, and what the reality and harshness of war actually is. Siegfried Sassoon also could of used the rhyme and rhythm like this, because it sort of like a childrens poem. He could have done this to accentuate the naive young mans death.Dulce et Decorum E st was dragged out more, and longer. The rhyme is different and wasnt as noticeable as Suicide in the Trenches. Also in suicide in the trenches, Sassoon stresses all the good and jolly words in stanza one, to reflect the boys happy/joyful life. In stanza two though, Sassoon stresses all the bad and negative words to point out the awful conditions. This makes you, as a reader, feel the sympathy for the soldiers.After reading and analysing both the poems, I prefer Dulce et Decorum Est. I like this poem better, because the poet used very detailed imagery. Wilfred Owen describes the scene more, and describes the soldiers as well. I had more images to relate to, and that helped me to understand the poems message, and poets feeling and what he was trying to put across.I also like the idea that Wilfred Owen didnt give much away to what the poem was about, and left you thinking and wondering after reading the title. Although the rhyming in Suicide in the Trenches is more memorable, I like t he fact that in Dulce et Decorum Est, you dont really recognize the rhyme at first. But I do like the poem Suicide in the Trenches, but I felt it more effective that Wilfred Owen uses his personal traumatic experience to explain what war is actually like.(Thankyou for reading my essay I hope you enjoyed it and that it helped you

Psychology Questions Essay

In Anitas case, the possibility that she whitethorn conclude that she will corroborate from chronic depression once she grows up, may be attributed to the four psychological factors menti oned below. 1. Framing This is a phenomenon where a fact is construed as make-believe in beau monde to affect the mind of the listener. The listener in turn may trust the source and believe everything to be true without any validation of the facts. In Anitas case, her parents leave informed her when she was as young as ten years, about the fact that she may suffer like her sister when she grows up.This act by her parents is an case of down the stairsframe a myth into her mind, which she would recollect after growing up and then there are chances that she may suffer from the disorder as well. The framing nevertheless may mislead her into believing her parents and influence her mind to repeat the same deeds as her elder sister did. 2. Availability heuristic This is a psychological phenomenon whe re an individual forms a final opinion based on the currently available data. The individual does not gather any other tuition but starts treating the available information to be complete.In Anitas case, her parents bedevil informed her that there are 40% chances of she getting into chronic depression as much as her sister when she grows up. This data is clearly insufficient as Anita, being young, will neither be able to validate the percentage nor does she have enough maturity to speculate the issue. Thus, when she grows up, this data may mislead her into trusting the data and she may experience depression. 3. Confirmation Bias This is a phenomenon where an individual selectively believes from a present fact, what he or she already knows.For instance, in Anitas case, she already knows what her parents have told her about 40% chances of her getting into depression. Moreover, she has observed her sister suffer the problem as well. In such a case, this preconception or hypothesis i s likely to affect her and make her think all that is true when she grows up. This may lead Anita to believe that she will suffer from depression. 4. Belief Perseverance This phenomenon is another instance of confirmation bias where an individual continues to believe what he or she already knows. In Anitas case, her mind is fed with incorrect data when she was young.Thus, when she grows up, she may believe it to be true and initiate her self to experience chronic depression unfortunately. If not initiate, she might often get depressed by thinking of her childhood. ? Answer 2 In this case study, Tonys dual behavior at flow and with friends is a result of two psychological factors, person-situation controversy and reciprocal determinism respectively. In a person-situation controversy, an individual exercises his or her abilities to control the situation with the help of changing temperament and behavior.This is a psychological attitude, which individuals develop in order to survive in the cabaret. This could be analyzed based on Sigmund Freuds Ego, Super-ego and the Id. The Ego is the external bulge of an individual in front of others. In this situation, the individual assimilates what others want and then gives it to them. The Super-ego is the agent between the ego and the id, acts as a mediator between the two, and validates the conversation between the two as well. The Id consists of the deepest, private thoughts of the individual.In Tonis case, he acts true self in front of his friends, by being boastful and forthcoming with his friends. This is because he knows they are his friends and he can act like himself. However, in an office environment, he needs to project a business-like personality jibe to the varying situations. That is why he acts polite and sincere always. In both his personal life and professional life, he exerts his ego but as the situations are different, he modifies his behavior accordingly. Reciprocal determinism is a condition where an individual clearly segregates what is needed whenThis is a process, based on Albert Banduras theory, of determining how to behave based on personal choice and social factors. In Tonys case, his behavior can be equated with a childs behavior one that projects the ego according to his personal wishes also takes into careful consideration, the social factors. However, Tony is smart enough to understand the necessity in a particular situation and condition his inner self according to the situation. Whether he accepts his dual behavior or not, he definitely projects his behavior is in accord with what the situation demands of him.This question refers to the slaughter of Jews by Nazis under Hitlers rule and then the impact it had on the minds of Germans. Davids supposition that all Germans had become cruel and merciless with twisted personalities is debatable, as he seems to have come to an exuberant psychological conclusion based on a historical study without speculating the nuances of the events. Mr. Stanley Milgram, psychologist at Stanley University in his findings on obedience states the role of what one may call a pseudo- authoritarian or pseudo-leader to be influencing individuals by giving them political and psychological shocks.This was the case with the Nazi holocausts where the Nazis under the Hitler regime bump off thousands of Jews. Considering the expanse of Hitlers operations, he had several Nazi followers obeying him as if they were blindfolded due to his firm command and tyrannous authority. This is one of the significant reasons why David senses tyranny and cruelty amongst the people of Germany in following Hitlers orders and their assisting him in slaughtering the Jews. In actuality, both the subjects and objects of Hitlers tyranny were the Germans themselvesBy supporting their leader, they were giving themselves ill-judged hopes of achieving a world free of opposition and religious beliefs to conflict theirs. This is also a classic example of Jungs collective psychology where an entire society construes a belief through a leader and influences one another to justify acts such as murder and slaughter under the pretext of religious defiance. Because of the propensity of human beings to depend on somebody and obey the person to satisfy ones own conscience, such historical mistakes probably, take place. mention Milgram Experiment on http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Milgram_experiment

Analyze an organization’s media communication activities Essay

The objective of this project is to analyze an organizations media communication activities. The work must part concepts, models, and theories to support and critical the comp whatevers website. It should be critically assess + evaluate and use strategy to analyze. The author should re entrance it as a selling professional specialist and knows how, when, and where the organization use digital media to communicate with its audience, customer, stakeholder, and public. Executive Summary P&O Cruises uses a maturity website to distribute and communicate (Fill, 2002).It is a fabulous website that uses a lot of tools from individual(prenominal) communications (PCs) to support their offline marketing (Hartley, 1999). Once customers surf its website, they could get information they need intimately. The website becomes a distributed railway line for the business. It is in the highest level of scenario 4 (Doren, 2000). Information on website is variety and useful that helps offline media a nd lures much customers to join the P&O Cruises with rational exchange (Fill, 2002). P&O Cruises Background P&O Cruises is one of the cruises go away to Carnival Corporation & PLC.There be 13 distinct brands of cruises all everywhere the world are operating by Carnival Corporation & PLC P&O is one of them. P&O is not as same as its name belongs to the P&O group (Peninsula and Oriental steam pilotage Company) for it was demerged into Carnival public limited company on 23 October 2000, and has changed its name to Carnival Public limited company on 17 April 2003. P&O Cruises now is the largest premium cruise brand in the United Kingdom. See the list as below. Carnival Corporation Princess Cruises & Carnival plc P&O Cruises were belong to Ocean Village P&O Princess.Swan Hellenic Cruises plc AIDA P&O Cruises Australia Carnival Cruise Lines Holland America Line Windstar Cruises Seabourn Cruise Line costa Cruises Cunard Line AROSA Main Report Marketing mix Product P&O Cruises curre ntly owns four types of ships Aurora, Oriana, Oceana and Adonia. Each of them gives varied nimbus and individual(prenominal)ity to customers. They are service, facility and quality oriented. Mostly, customers who are runed to join P&O Cruises are by travel agencies to get tickets no matter a set of schedule or connections with flights or another cruise.If customers who are interested in P&O Cruises, P&O Cruises also use contrasting brochures to introduce its products to them. P&O Cruises builds a marvelous introduction of its products on the website. There is a column of their ships in tellories of its website introducing each of ships details by clicking any icon of them (Chaffey, 2000). There are also other links connecting to these four ships that makes customers easily check to P&O Cruises ships (main products) whenever they want. The website builds a good cognitive environs to customers who are like ship, boat, cruise, and adventure.Most fantastically, customers could find what each deck looks like by 360i panoramic tour. After customers learn about these ships, they enable to feel more about these ships by fun stuff sector, which involved games, videos, and pictures (screen moreoverr and wallpapers) to addict customers affective (Fill, 2002). Promotion P&O Cruises is not a company which uses all of the marketing communication tools to communicate with its target audience, but it uses its promotion tools hale to attain its customer demand and to explore its market opportunities (Chaffey, 2000).5 main elements of the promotional or communications mix of P&O Cruises are analyzed as below (Fill, 2002) 1. Advertising (Off-line) P&O Cruises has TV advertising displaying during summer prison term or the beginning of the year. Customers who havent seen the advertisement on TV could also enjoy the advertisement on P&O Cruises website to the Fun Stuff-Videos to view the version of its Sh-boom advertisement. Its an advertisement with affective (Fill, 2 002). Besides TV advertising, P&O Cruises posts its advertising on newspaper as well. (On-line).There are many a(prenominal) agencies selling P&O Cruises tickets on line they help P&O Cruises build a perfect advertisement system. If someone who is interested in cruises, they will easily find out the name of P&O Cruises on many websites building by travel agencies. Customers are able to easily moderate a cruise through any ABTA travel agent there are about 16 agents linking to P&O Cruises and helping customers to book tickets in different areas. Although many websites all connecting to the name of P&O Cruises, it is difficult for people who want to buy the ticket responsibility through P&O Cruises website.2. Sales promotion (Off-line) (On-line) P&O Cruises is targeted. It divides into consumers and the sales forces of both P&O Cruises and its agents (Fill, 2002). The sales promotion P&O Cruises uses is by the timing when customer book for their tickets. The earlier they book for c ruises, the more discount they will have. It uses the method of price reductions to motive its sales in the aboriginal stage (Fill, 2002). P&O Cruises also sets up the Portunus Club for customers who re-join to the P&O Cruises. There are Ruby, Sapphire, and Gold tiers for different types of customers.Customers could get points for their discounts when they had get together the cruises and also discounts to any other consumption on the ship. The method builds customer royalty it is referred to as a points accrual programme that helps the company keep customers consignment for preventing them from moving to P&O Cruises competitor (Fill, 2002). The Portunus Club has not only increased the amount of customers, but also maintained those current customers well (Raaij, 1998). 3. personal selling (Off-line) P&O Cruises tickets are sold through personal selling or other travel agencies.Customers buying tickets can any from agencies or directly make a phone call to the P&O Cruises as the telemarketing. It is a good method for the company itself uses lots of personal selling on promotes their ticket, for it is a method always interactive to customer and company. And Consumers may talk to and obtain answers from real persons or from machine interaction that helps P&O Cruises directly being aware of what customers wants and what they need (Raaij, 1998). (On-line) On the website, customers who are interested in any trip and willing to join the tour could book on line by leaving the messages to the reservation team.Besides, its very prospering for customers to find the ticket selling on website from different agencies in different areas, and then buy the ticket based on customer needs. 4. public relations (Off-line) The means of PR of P&O Cruises is announcing news on newspapers. It largely tells people about its schedules, timetables and its new ship or company information on travel pages or events column. P&O Cruises owns a press midpoint to run for its news. (On-li ne) Customers could also find out their news through news websites, travel agents or the websites connect to sailings, such as, what you need to about or pocket agents (two website names).Moreover, there are numbers of news P&O Cruises showed to the public and listed on its own website. It is press centre in the company section. For people who are interested in to P&O Cruises and want to know more about its reputation, besides company introduction, they could attain more information on this section. 5. direct marketing (Off-line) (On-line) P&O Cruises uses direct marketing through ABTA agents and many other travel agencies where they sell cruises tickets. It connects to personal selling to use different types of tools to achieve the needs of customers.It uses e-mail (member confirm) and through post-mail (brochure sending) to directly send the information to customers. Place P&O Cruises, the Britains leading cruise operator, customer aboard its deportation at Southampton, UK or fl y on a scheduled or P&O Cruises charter flight to any of its 25 destinations all over the world. All ships cruise Europe in the summer, and in winter Aurora and Adonia embark on round the world cruises while Oceana and Oriana tour the Caribbean. Places are immoveable in different places by annual schedules depended on where customers plan to go abroad.The headquarters is in Southampton, but usually people usually book tickets at agencies instead of heading for P&O Cruises office. If people who would like to book tickets online, they could go to www. pocruises. com or through links on any ABTA agents to buy tickets. Agents are viewed as the P&O Cruises retailers. This method helps P&O Cruises sacrifice its sale targets by selling tickets to many other segments in different areas and places. The channel of its distribution is producer retailers consumers (Blythe, 1998). Price P&O Cruises sets its price at the moment when customers buy tickets.The company uses different brochures to attract customer to join its cruises business. Customers could save as much as money if they book earlier according to the timetable set up by P&O Cruises. Customers could save up to 5%45% discounts for early booking, depending on availability, and its reward for those who book early. P&O Cruises named it as pricebreakers. Besides, price differs from different cabin type and grade that customers choose. It is very easy for customers to find the price on the website or by the brochure which customers could also easily get by request online. * DRIP P&O Cruises (model by Fill, 2002).P&O Cruises communications have need to Differentiates itself by it is one of the oldest cruises company which form of British to attract customers who enjoy in English style. cue and reassure its customers by telling them that the leisure cruising business was started by P&O in 1844. The step helps the company acquire trust from customers Oldest = standard = handed-down (British) ? Inform the consumers by educating them that P&O Cruises is the company with offering high quality but middle-low price to customers Persuade to the consumers that althouthg P&O Cruises is the oldest company, it has most young fleet of ships in the UK.Scenarios In order to know how a company created a website on line to present its own products through the internet, the company needs to define the level of commitment it wants to reach (Doren, 2000). There are 4 possible scenarios for promoting on the internet. P&O Cruises is belonging to the highest level 4, because it offers on-line ordering of products and services. The product P&O Cruises supplies to customer is not the tangible things that customers could touch but services and facilities on cruises. So the company tries to present its product through the website.P&O Cruises uses web cam, lots of 360i panoramic tour and many of pictures on its website to interact with users. Moreover, there are images, screensavers and wallpapers of its 4 ships for customers to download. The usages of multimedia presentations also reach facilitation as a web promotion it enables a more personal, one-on-one approach with the internet user (Doren, 2000). According to the four possible scenarios lists, P&O Cruises does make a high extensive interaction with its customers through its website. The web site of P&O Cruises may be high costs, but it could attract more customers order on line.

Iso Standards and Tqm

FOCUS ON TQM, EQM AND ISO INTRODUCTION Environment may be broadly understood to mean our surroundings. It advise be sh atomic sum up 18d out into non- alert and living components. The Environment provides resources which support life on the earth and which likewise help in the growth of a relationship of interchange between living organisms and the environment in which they live. ISO What? ISO ( world-wide Organization for normalisation) is the existences largest developer and publisher of world-wide Standards. ISO is a non-governmental face that forms a bridge between the public and private sectors.On the one hand, many an(prenominal) of its member institutes argon take apart of the governmental structure of their countries, or are mandated by their government. On the other hand, other members sustain their roots uniquely in the private sector, having been set up by national partnerships of industry associations. The organizations logos in its two official languages, E nglish and French, implicate the word ISO. The organization follow ISO found on the Greek word isos ( ), meaning equal. This, in itself, reflects the aim of the organization to equalize and touchstoneize across cultures. HISTORY ISO is the world largest standards developing organization. Founded on 23rd February, 1947, it has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzer terra firma. Between 1947 and the present day, ISO has published more than 18000 International Standards, ranging from standards for activities such as agriculture and construction, finished mechanical engineering, to medical examination devices, to the newest information applied science developments. ISO was born from the union of two organizations the ISA (International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations).Established in New York in 1926, and the UNSCC (United Nations Standards Coordinating Committee), established in 1944 WHO bottomland JOIN ISO? fractionship of ISOis open to national standards institutes just about correspondative of standardization in their country (one member in each country). ISO has three membership categories ? Member Bodies They are national bodies that are considered to be the most representative standards body in each country. These are the only members of ISO that commence voting rights. ? Subscriber members They are countries with small economies.They pay reduced membership fees, but can follow the development of standards. Participating members are called P members as opposed to observing members which are called O members. ? Correspondent members They are countries that do non realise their own standards organization. These members are informed about ISOs work, but do not participate in standards promulgation. ISO is a network of the national standards institutes of 159 countries, out of the 203 total countries in the world, one member per country, with a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system.Some of the ISO members are INDIA, US, HONDURAS, LESOTHO, MACAU, NAMIBIA. How ISO standards are developed ? ISO standards are developed according to the following principles. ? Consensus ? Industry wide ? Voluntary Why standards matter Standards make an enormous and positive contribution to most aspects of our lives. Standards ensure desirable characteristics of crossings and run such as ? feature ? Environmental friendliness ? Safety ? Reliability ? Efficiency ? InterchangeabilityWhen harvests and go make full our expectations, we function to take this for granted and be unaware of the role of standards. However, when standards are absent, we soon notice. We soon care when harvest-festivals turn out to be of poor step, do not fit, are incompatible with equipment that we already commence, are unreliable or dangerous. When products, systems, machinery and devices work well and safely, it is often beca use they disturb standards. Andthe organization responsiblefor many thousands of the standards which benefit the world isISO. When standards are absent, we soon notice. What standards do? ISO standards ? make the development, manufacturing and supply of products and servicesmore efficient, safer and cleaner ? facilitate tradebetween countries and make itfairer ? provide governments with a adept base forhealth, safeguard and environmental legislation, and conformity assessment ? sharetechnological advances and good solicitude practice ? disseminateinnovation ? safeguard consumers, and users in general, of products and services ? make life simpler by providingsolutionsto common problems Who standards benefitISO standards provide technological, economic and societal benefits. ? For taskes, the widespread adoption of International Standards means that suppliers can develop and put out products and services meeting specifications that have wide international acceptance in their sectors. Therefore, businesses using International Standards can compete on many more markets near the world. ? Forinnovatorsof new technologies, International Standards on aspects like terminology, compatibility and resort speed up the dissemination of innovations and their development into manufacturable and marke circumvent products. Forcustomers, the worldwide compatibility of technology which is achieved when products and services are based on International Standards gives them abroad choiceof offers. They also benefit from theeffects of competitionamong suppliers. Forconsumers, conformity of products and services to International Standards provides sureness about their tone of voice, safety and reliability. ? Fortrade officials, International Standards createa level playing fieldfor all competitors on those markets. The existence of divergent national or regional standards can create technical barriers to trade.International Standards are the technical means by which political trade agreements can be put into practice. ? Fordeveloping countries, Internatio nal Standards that represent an international consensus on the state of the art are an important source oftechnological know-how. By defining the characteristics that products and services will be expected to meet on export markets, International Standards give developing countries a basis for making the right decisionswhen investing their scarce resources and thus avoid squandering them. Foreveryone, International Standards contribute to the gauge of lifein general by ensuring that the transport, machinery and tools we use are safe. ? Forthe planetwe inhabit, International Standards on air, water and soil quality, on emissions of gases and actinotherapy and environmental aspects of products can contribute to efforts topreserve the environment. Examples of the benefits standards provide ? solves therepair and maintenanceproblems caused by a lack of standardization that were once a major head ache for manufacturers ? Standards establishing an international consensus nterminologyma ke technology transfer easier and safer. ? Consensus on grades of various strongs gives acommon referencefor suppliers and clients in business divideings. ? Agreement on a sufficient number of variations of a product to meet most current applications allowseconomies of scalewithcost benefitsfor twain producers and consumers. An example is the standardization of paper sizes. ? Standardization ofperformance or safety requirementsof diverse equipment makes sure that users needs are met period allowing individual manufacturers the freedom to design their own solution on how to meet those needs. Standardizedcomputer protocolsallow products from different vendors to talk to each other. Advantages of ISO ? Implementing ISO has following advantages ? Create a more efficient, effective operation ? Increase customer pleasure and retention ? Reduce audits ? Enhance marketing ? Improve employee motivation, awareness, and morale ? Promote international trade ? Increases profit ? Reduce was te and improvers productivity The need for International Standards is very important as more organizations operate in the global economy by selling or buying products and services from sources outside their internal market. Disadvantages of ISO ? Does not guarantee better quality ISO certification definitely does not automatically lead to better quality product. While it does encourage operations to think of in terms of systems, it does not require them to be good. ? Focus on certification ? Frequent audits Full system audits every three years with annual surveillance audits. ISO 9000 ISO 9000 is a family of standards for quality way systems. ISO 9000 is maintained by ISO and is administered by accreditation and certification bodies. The rules are updated, as the requirements motivate changes over time.Some of the requirements in ISO 90012008 include a set of procedures that cover all key work ates in the business monitoring processes to ensure they are effective keeping adeq uate records checking output for defects, with prehend and corrective action regularly reviewing individual processes and the quality system itself for effectiveness and facilitating continual improvement ISO 90012000 What does it mean in the supply chain? ISO 90012000 is an international standard that gives requirements for an organizations Quality Management System (QMS).The object lens of ISO 90012000 is to provide a set of requirements that will provide confidence that the supplier can consistently provide goods and services that ? Meet needs and expectations and ? Comply with relevant regulations How can you have confidence that your supplier meets ISO 90012000? There are various slipway in which your supplier can claim that its QMS meets the requirements of ISO 90012000. These include ? Suppliers declaration of conformity suppliers internal audit system, or on mo party or third party audits Second party assessment check if its QMS meets ISO 90012000 requirements and your own requirements sometimes used in contractual business-to-business transactions ? trio party assessment (Often referred to as certification or registration) CASE STUDY KERALA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS),is a 450-bed multi limitedty Hospital which has been awarded the ISO 90012000 enfranchisement for a high-end cardiac cauterization laboratory, hi-tech operation theatres, a 24-hour emergency department, CT scan, facility for open heart surgery, blood bank, neurology and neuro-surgery departments.Quality and accreditation are boastful strategies adopted by KIMS to ensure world-class treatment at third-world prices. KIMS has acquired ISO 9001 2000 certificate from BSI Group. ISO 12000 Plastics/rubber Polymer dispersions and rubber (natural and synthetic) Definitions and review of test methods ISO 14000 The ISO 14000 family addresses Environmental management. This means what the organization does to ? minimize harmful effects on th e environment caused by its activities, and to ? Achieve continual improvement of its environmental performance.TheISO14000is a standard forenvironmental managementsystems that is relevant to any business. The aim of the standard is to reduce the environmental measure of a business and to decrease the pollution and waste a business produces. The major objective of the ISO 14000 series of norms is to promote more effective and efficient environmental management in organizations. It offers source of guidance for introducing and adopting environmental management systems based on the exceed universal practices.TheISO14000is a standard forenvironmental managementsystems that is applicable to any business, regardless of size, location or income. The aim of the standard is to reduce the environmental footprint of a business and to decrease the pollution and waste a business produces. The major objective of the ISO 14000 series of norms is to promote more effective and efficient environme ntal management in organizations andto provide useful and usable tools like cost effective, system-based, flexible tools that help organizations in gatherong environment related information.It offers source of guidance for introducing and adopting environmental management systems based on the best universal practices, in the same way that the ISO 9000 series on quality management systems represents a tool for technology transfer of the best available quality management practices The two major standards under ISO 14000 ? ISO 140012004 ? SO 140042004 job benefits of ISO 14000 ? reduced cost of waste management ? savings in consumption of energy and materials ? lower distribution costs ? improved corporate image among regulators, customers and the public Framework for continual improvement of environmental performance. ? In the global economy CASE STUDY Copley Square Hotel A prominent hotel created an aggressive environmental curriculum that provides a foundation for ISO 14001 regist ration. Energy Use diminution ? Energy efficient lighting was installed in public areas ? Install compact fluorescent bulbs in guest room table lamps , hanging lamps and back areas ? motivate employees to turn off all energy using devices that are not being used. pee Use Reduction ? Installing toilets with 1. 5 gallon capacity, substitute ones with 3. gallon capacity will save $3,276 and 430,000 gallons annually. ? Showerheads of greater efficiency will save $6,546 and 859,000 gallons annually. ? Guest have been offered the option of reusing their towels and linens when staying more than one night. Comments Some of the reasons the program has been successful are ? Everyone in the hotel participates in the program and can contribute from within their job responsibilities. ? Small savings are as important as big ones. CASE STUDY NOKIA ISO 14001 standard is used to control and manage the environmental aspects of Nokias production sites and large offices.Nokia has a corporate level ISO 14001 certificate in place for all manufacturing sites. Whats the difference between ISO 9001 and ISO 14001? ISO 9001 contains a set of requirements for implementing aQualityManagement System and ISO 14001 for anEnvironmental Management System ISO 90012000 and ISO 140012004 have become thoroughly integrated with the world economy. ISO 90012000 (the transition to ISO 90012008 is now taking place) is now firmly established as the globally accepted standard for providing assurance about the quality of goods and services in supplier-customer relations.ISO 140012004 confirms its global relevance for organizations wishing to operate in an environmentally sustainable manner. In the global economy ISO 90012000 and ISO 140012004 have become thoroughly integrated with the world economy. ISO 90012000 is now firmly established as the globally accepted standard for providing assurance about the quality of goods and services in supplier-customer relations. ISO 140012004 confirms its global r elevance for organizations wishing to operate in an environmentally sustainable manner. ISO 16000-12004 is intended to aid the planning of indoor pollution monitoring.Before a sampling strategy is devised for indoor air monitoring, it is necessary to clarify for what purposes, when, where, how often and over what periods of time monitoring is to be performed. The answers to these questions depend, in particular, on a number of special characteristics of the indoor environments, on the objective of the measurement and, finally, on the environment to be measured. ISO 16000-12004 deals with the significance of these factors and offers suggestions on how to develop a suitable sampling strategy.ISO 16000-12004 is applicable to indoor environments such as dwellings having living rooms, bedrooms, do-it-yourself rooms, recreation rooms and cellars, kitchens and bathrooms workrooms or work places in buildings which are not subject to health and safety inspections in regard to air pollutants (for example, offices, sales premises) public buildings (for example hospitals, schools, kindergartens, sports halls, libraries, restaurants and bars, theatres, cinemas and other function rooms), and also cabins of vehicles. Latest ISO(152702008) On Plastic RecyclingPlastics drivelines for the recovery and recycle of plastics waste. The standard has been developed to assist all plastics industry stakeholders in the development of ? A sustainable global infrastructure for plastics recovery and recycling Establishes the different options for the recovery of plastics waste arising from pre-consumer and post-consumer sources. The standard assists in the selection of methodologies and processes for the management of post-use plastics that may be approached using various strategies. ? A sustainable market for recovered plastics materials and their derived manufactured products.Plastics material for recovery may be obtained from various sources and the major markets for plastics are pa ckaging, building and construction products, electrical and electronic products, automotive/transportation, and household/consumer items. ISO promotes role of International Standards in tackling climate change at COP15 ISO International Standards can help fight climate change by providing a basis for ensuring trust, integrity and effective management in the quantification, measurement and verification of greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation efforts, and practical tools for the development of energy efficiency and alternative energy sources.These messages were underlined by ISO at COP15, the fifteenth conference of the parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), held on 7-18 December 2009 in Copenhagen, Denmark. ISO Guide 642008 Guide for addressing environmental issues in product standards It proposes a step-by-step approach, based on the principle of life-cycle analysis, in order to promote a reduction of potential adverse environmental impacts caused by products. The Guide is intended for use by all those involved in the drafting of product standards, encouraging them to Identify and understand basic environmental aspects and impacts related to the product under consideration, ? Determine when it is possible and when it is not possible to deal with an environmental issue through a product standard. TQM What? an approach for continuously improving the quality of goods and services through the participation of all levels of organization, especially for the benefit of the customers COMPONENTS OF THE MODEL ? Quality Policy and Communication If an organization is to start implementing TQM, a sound quality policy is a fundamental requirement.The TQM foundation consists of strategic quality management, executive leadership and a continuous focus on consumer. This must be clear stated, documented and communicated, as a quality policy to each and every employee of the organization in an easily understood language. The next step is to clearly un sex the key objectives and quality goals that must be achieved if the company has to realize its vision. ? Team Work and Participation From time to time, Indian industry has realized the importance of both Team Work and Participative Management.To institutionalize both the concept s of team work ad participation, Cross functional Management Teams, Quality Circles and Suggestion Systems have to be formed. This has indeed been done in organizations like THERMAX, ALFA LEVEL, NLC, BHEL, SAIL, MADRAS CEMENTS, MODI XEROX, and SONA STEERING SYSTEMS ? Problem solving Tools and Techniques One very common approach of problem solving is use of Deming Cycle, which is reproduced below As shown in the cycle, the Planning Stage will primarily involve defining a Quality mission, getting the organization relevant data, and button in for experiments in quality.And when we do something (Stage Two), the effects or results are checked in stage three. Recognizing people and rewarding them and changing p rocesses form the necessary locomote of stage four ? Standardization Standardization is a management tool for encouraging and securing optimum utilization o resources and level best efficiency of operations through formal establishment of the most suitable, pre-determined, solutions and answers to recurring problems and needs. Technical specifications in design, procurement, production and control are company standards.Similarly, administrative specifications in supervision and management, which may deal with products, processes, methods, materials, parts, etc. , are also company standards. ? Design and implementation of Quality System Standardization can be attained through ISO-9000 certification. ISO -9000 is not product standard, but it is Quality Systems Standard. It is a practical standard for a Quality system. There are four Quality System Standards as shown in the table ? Quality costs and measurements Contrary to popular belief high quality is not high cost.If things are done right the first time, tremendous savings in cost can be obtained. Around 10 25 % of the sales revenue is being spent by manufacturing companies due to poor quality. Hence, reason the cost of quality is a must. ? Quality audit and review It is conducted by people who have no direct responsibility for performance and is always an self-sufficient examination to compare given aspects of quality performance with standards or specifications. Hence, an internal quality system should be developed for addressing customer requirements and complaints as well as internal quality problems. Process Control If processes are controlled properly, deficiencies are not with product and process control gives feedback for initiating necessary action. ? Customer supplier integration telling integration between customer and supplier identifies mutual needs and fulfilling expectations becomes easier. ? Education and training Today, Indian companies that have implemented TQM spends thousands of rup ees in preparing employees and educating them on various aspects of quality improvement. Principles of TQM ? CUSTOMER FOCUSEDONLY customers determine the level of quality , what ever you do to foster quality improvement , training employees , integrating quality into processes management , ONLY customers determine whether your effort were worthwhile ? EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT Removing fear from work place by providing the proper environment ? PROCESS CENTERED Fundamental part of TQM is to focus on Process thinking. ? INTEGRATED SYSTEM All employee must know business mission and vision, must monitor the process . an integrated business system may be modeled by ISO 9000. ? STRATEGIC APPROACH Strategic plan must integrate quality as core component. invariable IMPROVEMENT Using analytical and creative thinking in perplexing ways to become more effective. ? FACT BASED DECISION MAKING ratiocination making must be ONLY on data, not personal thinking or situational. ? COMMUNICATION Communic ation strategy, method and timeliness must be well defined. Chain Reaction of TQM ? Improve Quality ? Improve Productivity ? Decrease costs ? Decrease prices ? Increase market ? Stay in Business ? Provide More jobs ? Return on investment Demings Fourteen Points ? Constancy of purpose ? Drive out fear ? Eliminate Exhortations ? Encourage didactics Institute training on the job ? Improve every process ? End lowest tender contracts ? The New philosophy ? Institute Leadership ? abjure dependence on inspection ? Break down barriers ? Eliminate arbitrary numerical targets ? Permit pride of workmanship ? Top managements allegiance IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF TQM ? Customer-driven quality ? Top management leadership ? and commitment ? Continuous improvement ? Fast response ? Actions based on facts ? Employee participation ? A TQM culture. BENEFITS OF TQM ? increase pride of workmanship among individual workers ? Increased readiness Improved sustainability ? Greater mission survivability ? Better justification for budgets ? Streamlined maintenance and production processes Many companies have difficulties in implementing TQM. Surveys by consulting firms have found that only 20 36 % of companies that have undertaken TQM have achieved either significant or even tangible improvements in quality, productivity, competitiveness or financial return. As a result many people are skeptical about TQM. However, when you look at successful companies you find a much higher percentage of successful TQM implementation.Why ISO 9000 Should Be a Companys Guidepost, And Not TQM The ISO-9000 quality standard and total quality management (TQM) is both necessary for any organization to become world class. But ISO is far superior because it offers a set of guidelines for quality management and can stand alone, while TQM can not. The reasons are ? While ISO-9000 is a clearly defined system, TQM is a philosophy ? ISO-9000 is preventive. TQM is remedial. ? TQM is aimed at identifying the cause s of quality problems and eliminating them TQM is not quality management but process management the process of improvement.ISO-9000 is total quality management ? While ISO-9000 requires documentation and record keeping, there is no such requirement in TQM ? One of the great features of ISO-9000 is that it is self-policing EQM Various countries, 8 including India, have set up standards with specify the limit pf emission of various pollutants that are permitted in specific media i. e. air or water. They may take the firm of emission standards, or relate to the content of products in food, or phosphates in detergents. Environmental Quality Management includes Management of Air Quality The air quality standards are prescribed by CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD. They provide quantitative limits within which the pollutants may be present in the environment. There are three types of standards ? Emission standards they are the maximm tolerable level of a pollutant that are permissible to escape the chimney of an industry or the caloric power plant ? Immission standards it specifies the ambient air quality i. e. the amount of various pollutants that are tolerable in space surrounding the source of generation vehicular emission standards they have been prescribed recently, it specifies the maximum tolerable limit of the various pollutants that are allowed to escape the exhaust of an automobile ? Management of water quality Water quality management involves multidisciplinary approach in which the required water quality is related to municipal, industrial and agricultural requirements. Water quality standards are based on two standards ? Stream standards It is based on the beneficial uses of water which fixes the threshold value of specific pollutants permissible in the water required for various uses.As specified by Central Pollution Control Board in 1979. It states that drinking water should have a minimum of 6 mg/1 dissolved oxygen and a maximum of 2mg/1 of Bio logical oxygen demand. ? Effluent standards They are based on the maximum assiduousness of a pollutant of maximum pollution load discharged into receiving water. In India under the Water Pollution Control Act enacted in 1974, effluent standards, based on the maximum concentration of a pollutant (mg/1) have been prescribed. ? Management of land It is essential to improve man quality to grow more and to meet the increasing demands for food and other essential agricultural items.Large scale use of fertilizers is not advisable. Chemical fertilizers can improve soil and land quality but they are costly. Various ways to improve land quality are ? Organic farming organic fertilizers in the form of biomass not only provide nutrients to soil but also enrich humus content. Biomass is used as fuel in the form of dung cakes agricultural residues etc. ? Mixed cropping under this leguminous and non-leguminous crops are braggy together in the same area in a mixed pattern. It always the crop to derive nutrients from the soil. Use of helophytes excessive irrigation leads to salinisation of soils rendering it useless for agriculture. Thus, special plants known as halophytes are grown, which are tolerant to salinity. These plants improve the soil condition. ? Ariel seeding packets containing seeds along with little fertilizers are sprayed from aircrafts and they are left togrow undisturbed. This mproves the performance of degraded land ? Land use planning for maintaining the land quality excessive irrigation should be avoided, proper avenues for drainage and mixed cropping should be practiced.The positive roles played in globalization by ISOs standards for quality and environmental management systems include the following ? a unifying base for global businesses and supply chains such as the automotive and oil and gas sectors ? a technical support for regulation as, for example, in the medical devices sector) ? a tool for major new economic players to increase their part icipation in global supply chains, in export trade and in business process outsourcing ? a tool for regional integration as shown by their adoption by new or potential members of the European Union in the rise of services in the global economy some 32% of ISO 90012000 certificates and 29% of ISO 140012004 certificates in 2007 went to organizations in the service sectors, and ? in the transfer of good practice to developing countries and transition economies Presented by Aditya jhunjhunwala (09) Rashmi tigga (10) Sukanya gupta (11) Spriha agarwal (24) Rimika mittal (25) Shrutee parasramka (27) Niharika khaitan (31) Priyanka gupta (34) Srimoyee dasgupta (45) Bhumika kotecha (48) Neha malpani (59)